Leadership in Organisation Assignment Example

Essays on Leadership in Organisation Assignment The paper "Leadership in Organisation" is a worthy example of an assignment on marketing. Workforce planning is selecting and recruiting the correct person because organizations while looking to hire employees have to ensure that the workforce matches the job requirements. This means choosing the correct employee for the job and only hiring employees without matching the job requirements will not provide the required return the business is looking at. In this competitive world, specialized services have become imperative which makes it important that organizations hire employees based on the job requirements and not merely look to hire employees (Engleberg Wynn, 2002). Organizations while hiring employees look at the long term perspective and look towards building employees for higher positions in the organization. This requires knowledge and skills in the respective field which thereby increases the role of workforce planning in ensuring that employees hired are as per the requirem ents and will help the business in the long run (Clunies, 2007).An example in this direction is banks. Banks have to ensure that the workforce requirement matches the growth in the business. Since they work in the service sector it is imperative to provide high-quality service to retain customers. This makes it important that the banks start to look for prospective employees both within and outside the organization. The workforce should be such that they are capable of handling the different task entrusted upon them and understands the objectives of the organization (Engleberg Wynn, 2002). Since it is a specialized service the bank should impart training both on and off the job. Care should also be taken to have employees as per the requirements and special efforts should be made while designing the job so that employees who are selected match the job criteria. This will help to ensure correct employees for the correct job and using the in house employees will ensure that the emplo yees are motivated and work towards a common goal.This increases the importance of ensuring that the correct person is hired as recruiting a wrong person for the job will result in selecting a candidate that cannot do justice for the job. This will make the organization suffer as the required workforce will be unable to deliver quality service (Derr, 2002). This increases the importance of national demographics as it helps to understand the workforce constituent and based on it the organization can look towards recruiting the correct talent so that the business is able to achieve its objectives. The national demographics provide organization information relating to the educational skills which are helping the organization tap the correct sources and get the best manpower. This also helps the organization to understand the changes their business needs to undergo which helps to determine the training required and ensure the workforce according to the changing scenario.

Edward Scissorhands gives the idea Free Essays

People always set a so called standard. We might not notice it but we lived with it. We can not deny the reality that we distinguished or categories everything; right music, beautiful, normal, etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Edward Scissorhands gives the idea or any similar topic only for you Order Now We set it as a standard or right thing because it is the common thing that we see and everything that does not belong to it said to be abnormal, ugly and the like. Did we ever ask what others say about these standards? Especially those that we think do not belong to us. If it is not the beautiful that we see today is set as â€Å"beautiful† then it will be the other one that we will be referring as beautiful. Well, it is planted already in our hearts. No mater what we do there our heart will still say and stick to what we usually see. Most often when we see people who do not belong to that standard we give them uncommon treatment. Why? It is because we think they are incapable of doing what we commonly did. Well, good for those treated with good but for others they were even denied with their rights as a person. Edward Scissorhands gives the idea or states what is happening to our society. When somebody saw him he was brought home but treated as a specials person. Well, he is incapable of doing some things that a what they called â€Å"normal people† do (just like what happened to the waterbed). People treat him with uncommon treatment because of his weaknesses. One example scene that gives an idea of the common reactions of people is that when Edward, even incapable of doing some things, had a hidden strength of ability. If they were not preoccupied with the thing that Edward is incapable they will never be amazed when they knew that Edward has a hidden artistry. They loved him since then. Well, we can not deny that fact that is a nature of man to show kindness to those who show him kindness. One man got envious with Edward. He blackmailed him and charged him with robbery. That plot starts to cause hi to be driven away. Although it was not at that moment but it was the start that some people think him negatively. The people did not examine every detail of the events and concluded directly. When they saw Edward with a blood on his scissorhands they postulated he was attempting to kill. They were preoccupied that because Edward is different from them he will commit a crime or he will do bad thing to them at anytime and by that they did not investigate. They drove away Edward. Edward’s social aspect did not develop fully because unexposed to other people. He grew in an isolated place. He wasn’t exposed because of the fear that the community might not like him and will not accept him. As we can see social integration is needed for human beings to be developed as a person. It’s not only because of that factor but it is because of the fact that every person is unique. No person is the same as the other. Because not all of us have the same weaknesses and strength e need to interact to fill up the voids of some aspects. If Edward grew up with the community, he will not be treated as such he will be common to their sight. Every person need also to know what is happening to his society for him to adjust with the community trend. One common reaction for a man who is not oriented with the community is watching himself not to be seen and notice by others as different. In other words he will try to be one of them. This rapid change of environment causes Edward to act abnormally; meaning he act not the same with the community. Even though the film did not verbally mentioned the thoughts of Edward I still see his inner feelings of being not oriented. He is like a sheep being put together with the pigs where he tried to be like pigs. He tried to do what the community is doing. This is unhealthy for human beings; a sudden change of environment. This often caused the person’s being to be crushed. For worse, it will lead only to the destruction of his personality. Because human beings can not adopt easily, everything need to be a gradual process. Everybody should help with one another to bridge the gap between them. How to cite Edward Scissorhands gives the idea, Papers

Creating socially responsible value chains -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Creating Socially Responsible Value Chains? Answer: Introduction Nestle was established by pharmacist Henri Nestle in 1867 on the seaboard of Lake Geneva, Switzerland. After many years of business operations, headquarter of the company is still in Vevey, Switzerland. In current time, Nestle is the biggest food company in all over the world because of its fundamental culture, values of environmental preservation and cleanliness in each country in which it is operating. Currently, the company has 468 Nestle factories in the business operations. This report focuses on the marketing and management concept in the business operations of Nestle. The objective of this study is to critically analyze key marketing activities of Nestle which take place in the local and international market. Along with this, report also focuses on the current marketing strategies and tactics adopted by the company to acquire and retain the customers and make profit in the operating market (Ghauri, 2015). Nestle is definitely one of the most capable food companies which has st rong presence in across the world. The employees of the company have skills to keep hold of their standards in terms of strong position level in the market. They ensure the fact that the products provided by the company are definitely best to use for all the customers. Nestle has the collection of the products to provide and all those products are the best in their types. Now days, marketing strategies has great importance in order to progress in the market. This is the reason company Nestle is selected for the discussion as the company is trying to maintain its top position by its effective marketing strategies in the market. Marketing concepts Nestle defines the concept of marketing in its own way. For the company, marketing is all about building the relationship with the customers based on the satisfaction and customer value by the use of modern marketing. There are two fold objectives of Nestle marketing i.e. attract new customers by offering them better quality and value in the products and retain the existing customers by providing satisfaction with its products. Nestle describes marketing as the social and managerial procedure by which good food and good life can be provided to individual and groups by creating and exchanging the values and products (Pealoza, Toulouse Visconti, 2013). Worldwide presence Today, Nestle is the biggest food and beverage company in all over the world along with worldwide; leader in nutrition, health and wellness. Customers in the world, from village area to big cities are united by promise of Nestle in terms of taste, quality, convenience and nutrition. Company is operating in 86 countries along with 250,000 employees across the world. The products of the company are available in almost every country. The business operations of Nestle are spread across three global zone which cover America, Asia, Europe, Oceania and Africa. By identifying the special needs in every region, the company is operating in these three zones locally but combined by common vision and objectives. The immense popularity of the company comes from its effective efforts to manufacture products that give nutrition and quality benefits at the affordable prices even in the remote region. Vision and mission statement The strategic objectives of Nestle Ltd are to focus on providing investor value by the attainment of sustainable, profitable long term growth and capital efficient in the market. Growth in the profitability will be attained by respecting quality and safety standards while manufacturing the products for the customers. By this objective, Nestle has vision to grow in the shortest possible time in each and every company along with the distinctive ability to fulfill the needs of the customers in every group i.e. from infant to old age, for pleasure and nutrition. This objective can be achieved by the development of wide range of food catagories of the highest quality. Further, mission of Nestle is to develop motivated and professionally trained employees in order to drive growth by innovation and renovation. So, the mission objective of the company is to provide best food and beverage products to the people in all over the world. Core values It is stated above that Nestle has global vision to be leading company in terms of wellness, health and Nutrition Company in the world. In this manner, there are some core values adopted by the company for the sustainability of the business. Those core values are described below: Direct a active, professional and motivated personnel and proud of its inheritance and enthusiastic about the future, Fulfill the dietetic requirements of the customers of all the age groups i.e. from childhood to old age by the innovative platforms of recognized food and beverage products along with the maximum quality, Provide investor value by the long-term development when playing responsible and important role in the economic, communal and ecological segments in the countries, Focus on all the aspects of advertising and communication factors to attract the customers in the market, Communications with the customers including applicable, cutting-edge and maximum standard of accountable communication, Positive innovation and reformation society which is the main factor of success in the market, and Completely incorporated systems for the traders and consumers and make sure effectual business procedures Marketing mix There are various marketing strategies adopted by Nestle to stay competitive in all over the world. For the company, marketing strategy is the foundation of a successful marketing plan for the products. This includes set of specific actions required for the successful business for instance, using low cost product to attract the customers. With the low cost product, company is able to establish strong relationship with the customers and enhance the interaction with them in the market. Basic marketing strategies of Nestle are to develop brands for every product (Wong, 2010). There are effective marketing mix strategies adopted by the company and those are as follows: Product Nestle has one of the largest and premium range of food and nutrition products in all over the world. The ready food markets have been increasing across the world which is properly and deeply covered by the Nestle. So, Nestle is focused on improving its brand image in the food market and manufacture new products in the organized food area. There are wide ranges of healthy food products for all age groups. Price Price range provided by Nestle on its products varies on varieties of the products i.e. very low to very high. Company uses various wrapping materials of lower to superior priced products which is helpful for Nestle to cover all the sectors related to customers including any age and their buying in bulk of a small price. Along with this, it is observed that there is the strong competition in the food and beverage market in terms of prices of the products. But Nestle is never behind this competition as the pricing strategy adopted by the company is capable to attract the customers in the market. So, current pricing strategy is very effective for Nestle and company should keep this in future also (Chakravarthy Coughlan, 2011). Place As Nestle is famous food and Beverage Company in all over the world so, the company has large distributed network of wholesalers, distributors, suppliers and retailers. Along with this, they are connected and loyal for the company. They are key player of the business and their performance is so strong that Nestle never face any kind of problem in the distribution and supply chain network in any part of world. For the new products, company needs to focus on the healthy perception of the products and in case of fresh food products; they should be kept in the suitable environment (Davis, 2012). Promotion In case of promotional techniques, Nestle is using variety of advertising tactics for the wide range of products. For the chocolate products, Nestle is using promotional tactics under which free bars are obtainable with the multi bar family packs. Along with this, Nestle has done tie up with Burger King in some countries in order to provide attractive offers to the customers such as meal coupons to its potential customers. For the healthy readymade food products, the promotion team of Nestle also works with the wellbeing and fitness centers like Fitness First and True Fitness to motivate and advise the consumers to consume healthy prepared foods of the company (Vakratsas, Demetrios Ma, 2005). Segmentation To attract the customers for the sale of the products, Nestle is using STP marketing strategy i.e. segmentation, target market and positioning. These are basic concepts of the marketing which are helpful for the companies to identify potential customers for their products. In case of Nestle, company is using demographics as well as behavioral segmentation. It is well known that demographic segmentation divides the market into various groups based on the demographical variables (Bickhoff, Hollensen Opresnik, 2014). Nestle always launch its products based on some variables like: Age- Nestle is always launching wide ranges of products for different ages people. For example, the company has launched Lactogen and Nestle Cerelac for babies for 1 month to 4 years. Along with this, Nestle has launched Nescafe for young people. For different age people, the company has different product offerings like Keylogges Cornflakes, Boost and Milo etc (Gootman, McGinnis Kraak, 2006). Family size- Nestle has also launched their products based on family sizes. The company has mini products for small families and big products for big family size such as Maggi family pack for big family, Cornflakes in large and small size. Occupation- Nestle has various products for the working and occupational people. For instance, the company has Nescafe for those people who have to work a lot. Along with this, company has launched Milo which is an energy drink. Loyalty status- There is various products by which Nestle has segmented its market based on customer loyalty. There are many customers who are loyal for some products like Maggie, Nescafe and Kit Kat etc (Bruning, Hu, Hao, 2009) Target market Nestle is using differentiated marketing strategies for the target market. The company basically targets different market segments and provides various attractive offers to them. The company has also launched various new products to get high level of sales and stronger position in the food and beverage industry within the segments. The company has targeted the markets based on family sizes, ages, occupation, and income and thus the company is launching new and innovative products. Along with this, the company is also targeting the market based on loyalty status so that customers can be loyal towards the specific brands. Positioning This is the process of positioning the brand image in the mind of the customers. In case of Nestle, company wants to provide health and nutritious food products to the customers. By the positioning process, objective of Nestle is to make the products as the part of daily life of the customers by meeting their absolute necessities (Hooley, Saunders Piercy, 2008). Supply chain The supply chain management of Nestle is extremely effective in order to set up big stage for the suppliers in the business operations. The company is able to gain competitive advantage by the useful assistance from the supply chain of the company. Along with the demand and supply planning, there are factors like corporeal logistics, preparation and procurement, and consumer services in the business operations of Nestle. In similar time, supply chain tactics accepted by Nestle are helpful in providing the products based on the market needs of the consumers in timely manner. Basically, supply chain management of Nestle is the arrangement of science and art which are helpful in achieving the corporate objectives in superiorly (Bag, Anand Pandey, 2016). With the help of supply chain process, Nestle identifies the specific requirements of raw material to produce products and services. Along with this, company also identifies the manufacturers for providing goods developed by the company and offered to the customers. The success of supply chain process of the company depends upon some important parties like distributors, manufacturers, suppliers, retailers, producers and consumers (Dharni Sharma, 2015). The supply chain process of Nestle is described in the given figure. Total quality management The business operations of Nestle are extremely dedicated in order to maintain safety and superiority in the manufacturing process to ensure safe and healthy products for the customers. Over the years, safety and quality for the customers are key concern for the implementation of main tactics by the company to manage value. So, similar perception is applicable to the complete portfolio of the company in the food and beverage goods by the methods and services. Based on the analysis of the website of the company it is observed that the quality and safety of the products is the core business principles of Nestle. Those principles adopted by the company for the operations at global level (Cullen Parboteeah, 2013). The excellence management systems and related activities of Nestle are developed by the guidance of quality policy implemented by the company. The strategy includes some important commitments of the company i.e. Meeting the preferences and expectations of the customers in market in order to encourage the development of product in the business operation, Developing and spreading no-waster and zero-defect attitudes for the employees of the organization, Managing with the quality regulations and requirements related to the external and internal food safety and health, and Giving priority to the quality as the group-wide objectives (Trematerra, 2013) It is analyzed that quality management system is effective to operate at the global level for Nestle to follow the definite principles in the countries. There are specific quality principles related to food and beverage goods to make sure benefits for the customers by food products. Apart from this, internal quality management system of the company is basically reviewed by autonomous certification bodies to make sure the compliance to the global principles and regulatory necessities (Park, Ungson Cosgrove, 2015). Corporate management mechanism There are different processes in the organization of Nestle by which company uses its synergies for the effective business operations. There are various methods used by the company for the effective business operations between diverse cross-businesses which are described below: Sharing of information and knowledge- By implementing of Global business excellence system, company is able to share the information and knowledge by using the innovative information technology and system. This is a comprehensive information system by which Nestle is able to do business together along with common technology infrastructure. Under this system, company collects standardized data by the systematic management if information in order to create knowledge and share it among the customers (Das, 2015). Open innovation model- Nestle has model of open-innovation which is the system encompassed from more than 300 external research units and collaborating them with the global level. In this network, more than 5000 technologists and research establishment and other companies are brought together. By the knowledge of both internal and external researchers, Nestle is able to improve the product range from open-innovation framework (De Witt Meyer, 2010). Creation of innovation acceleration team- There are many new and innovative products provided by RD team of Nestle at the international level. This is innovation management team by which company is able to create fast and innovative product introduction in the market. The team includes various RD and supply chain management experts. Along with this, they have responsibilities and tasks to improve and fasten the launches of new products in various markets. Human resource management Nestle is largest FMCG company operating in all over the world. For the successful business operations, there are skilled employees who recognize the requirements and needs of the customers in the market. Company focuses on effective HR activities for hiring and recruiting skilled workforce for the business operations. There are some HR activities adopted by Nestle and those are as follows: Recruitment- It is observed that the employees are engaged in various activities of Nestle. Employees in the company are hired by the effective recruitment process. As a dynamic flexible organization, Nestle is famous for its workforce or human assets which are one of the most important characteristics which differentiate the company in the market. Identifying, recruiting and retaining the talent are priorities of the company. The human resource teams develop the culture by the employee learning and sustain the growth by ensuring passion of the employees so that they can achieve the organizational goals. Employee relations- In the organized work environment, the labor and employee relations functions of HR are handled by the HR specialists in every area. The positive relations with the employees are basically considered as HR discipline which is important to strengthen the employer-employee relationship by providing job satisfaction, resolving workplace conflicts and employee engagement in the company (Oke, 2016). Compensation and benefits- Like labor and employee relations, HR department of Nestle provides various benefits and compensations handled by HR specialists with dual expertise. In terms of compensation for employees, the functions of HR includes evaluating competitive pay practices and setting compensations structures. Sustainability For the effective and sustainable business, Nestle is committed to some business principles in all the countries focusing on legal legislation, cultural and religious practices. Those business practices are described below: The business objective of Nestle is that the products of the company must be manufactured by management and employees in such way as to develop value that can be constant for the long term basis over shareholders, customers, workforce, business partners and various national economies in which the company is operating. Nestle does not focus on the short-term profit. Company basically focused on the long term business development. Along with this, company identifies the need to make the profit every year in order to sustain support from the financial markets and financial investments (Okeudo, 2012). Company considers that the regulations are the most important and efficient uphold of ethical conduct. In some areas, direction to management and employees in terms of intentional business values are beneficial to make sure that highest principles in the business are met by the company. Nestle is aware of the fact that the success and growth of the business is the reflection of professionalism and ethical values of the management and employees so, it is focused on the recruitment of right people along with appropriate training and development. For Nestle, customers have legitimate interest in the company in terms of its brands and the way in which the business is operating in the market (Pomeranz, 2013). Legislation in international market Nestle observes with the laws and regulations valid in various countries in which the company is operating. Company makes sure that the policies related to ethical practices are fulfilled in the business operations. By doing business in the responsible manner with the business principles, company is able to establish relationships with the customers in all over the world. Along with this, company is aware globalization is important for the growth and development at the global level. For this manner, Nestle is following some suggestions as ILO basic rights, and international code of marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes in the sustainable policies. Basically, company supports obligations and references for the self regulations and sustainable development. Consumers The key objective of Nestle is to create values for the customers that can be sustained by providing wide range of high quality and safe food products at the reasonable prices. The company assumes that communication and other promotional techniques have significant role in motivating the customers to select right products according their needs and requirements. For fulfilling this role in the responsible manner, Nestle makes determined efforts in terms of advertising i.e. Company does not misinform as the advantage resulting from the use of products, Company does not utilize unwarranted and unjustified brutality and bad language, Company does not shows discrimination and offensive attitude to political, religious, cultural, ethic and social groups, Company avoids such exhibitions that shoes inappropriate or dangerous use of the products, Further, company keeps away from the misuse of various events which can be the cause of bad experience and conflicts with the business image of the company (Park, Lee Kim, 2014). Along with the above discussed principles, Nestle does not sponsor radio and TV programs whose only strategy is to attract viewers that lie clearly about the use of offensive attitudes and gratuitous violence to minority or majority groups. Children as consumers In the sustainable business practices, Nestle as developed some principles for children. Those principles include communications including events, advertising and sponsorships to the children so that children should not be disguised. Further, company has principle that advertisements to children should not portray them unsafe situations and they should not accept the invitation from those people they do not know. Along with this, according to Nestle, food and beverage communication should not show the advertisements related to unsafe and irresponsible consumption (Lee Lien, 2015). Nestle corporate culture In the sustainable business, Nestle has adopted corporate business principles in the business operations. Company is committed for the sustainable corporate culture in the business practices. It is discussed before that Nestle is one of the most famous companies in the food and beverage industry. The company has employees from the different and diverse backgrounds. Nestle respect the diverse culture, traditions and mentality of each employees in each country. Aim of Nestle is to incorporate its own culture into the employees without changing the culture and identity of employees. In Nestle, there is the existence of distinctive work culture among the employees and management. Employees are highly motivated towards their work as managers and higher authority send motivational messages to the employees (Gilligan Hird, 2012). Corporate social responsibility It is described above that Nestle is operating in 83 countries with the help of 461 factories. Nestle basically operates in the developing countries and 50% of its plants are operating in the developing countries. Company has adopted principles and policies which are concerned with actions related to customers, employees, human rights and labor practices, suppliers and the environment (Lantos, 2001). It is the responsibility of Nestle to create values for the stakeholders along with enriching the nature. This concept basically refers a creating shared value including international laws, codes of countries along with the principles of the company. Nestle gives special focus on creating values in nutrition, water and development of rural areas. These are important for the corporate activities and for its value chain. Water- It is well-known that water is the life line for the people living in the society. Along with this, it is also important for the company for the production purpose (Melo, Garrido, 2012). Rural development- Most of raw material and inventories are supplied by the rural areas. So, Nestle is focused on the initiatives for well-being of farmers, workers, countryside communities, contractors and minor businesses for the long term success of the business activities. Nutrition- It is understood that healthy food and nutrition are the foundation of health of the societies. So, Nestle is focused on making the customers aware about Nutrition, wellness and healthy food products (Verain, Dagevos Antonides, 2015). The major areas of contribution of Nestle towards society are very vast and it is differentiated into five catagories. Those catagories are as follows: Areas Initiatives Water Raising awareness about water conservation and improve, Working to achieve water efficiency and sustainability for the business operations, Treating the water society discharge effectively, Advocating for effective water stewardship and policies, Engaging with the suppliers who are in the occupation of agriculture (Servaes, Tamayo, 2013) Rural development Executing responsible sourcing in the supply chain, Continuously advancing the green coffee supply chain, Following countryside framework of growth to understand the requirements of famers in rural areas, Rolling out the cocoa plan of nestle with cocoa farmers Environmental sustainability Providing climate change leadership, Improving resource efficiency in operations, Promoting proactive and transparency for the long term engagement in climate policy, Improving the performance of environment in terms of packaging, Optimizing and assessing the environmental impact of the product, Providing meaningful and accurate information related to information, Preventing natural capital including forests Human rights, people and compliance Eliminating child labor in the business activities, Addressing human rights and their impact on the business operations and supply chain, Improving gender balance in the workforce, Ensuring that the staff and stakeholders can report on compliance violations, Ensuring all Nestle employees are under the certified health and safety and management systems, Providing effective training based on the corporate business principles, environmental and nutrition sustainability, Operating against bribery and corruption (Vachani Post, 2012) Rolling out global youth initiatives in all over business operations Nutrition Reducing the level of sodium (salt) in the products, Reducing the risk related to nutrition by micronutrient fortification, Building knowledge leadership in the nutrition of children, Providing products full of nutrition designed especially for children (Sikiwa Basera, 2012), Leading in the industry in terms of health and nutrition research by the collaboration, Reducing level of sugar in its products, Motivating for the consumption of vegetable and whole grains (Tang, Sodhi Formentini, 2016), Reducing saturated fats and removing trans fats in Nestle products, Providing nutrition information to customers and providing advice on all the labels, Providing important guidance to the customers Sustainable packaging It is observed that the information on the food packaging labels is sometimes so small that people have to struggle to read it. So, Nestle started to use barcodes which can be scanned by Smartphone that make the information related to nutritional and product lifecycle instantly accessible. This is called beyond the label initiative taken by Nestle. The company uses quick response or QR codes with the mobile application or website. This process has been started in UK by the company with its best selling products i.e. Kit Kat and chocolate biscuits (Eden, 2011). The website basically looks at raw material, production, packaging and distribution. For example it shows that two key ingredients of Kit Kat are cocoa and sugar which are from fair-trade-certified farms. The company has trained over 20,000 farmers in the sustainable farming practices of cocoa. Further, Nestle has been operating with the dairy farmers to source the milk product. The company is engaged with the farmers to reduce the environmental impact. Since 2011, farmers have reduced greenhouse gases by 6%. The website also includes some details about the environmental achievements of Nestle. For instance, Kit Kat factory in New York along with more six factories in the country are verified by Bureau Veritas in terms of zero waste to landfill. Apart from the environmental sustainability, Nestle is also supporting the food charity FareShare. Nestle donates over a million meals which is the result that over 450 tons of waste was reduced to landfill. Conclusion This report discusses about core business practice of famous food company Nestle including three concepts i.e. marketing, management and sustainability. From the above discussion, it is analyzed that Nestle is the leading company in the food and beverage industry. The company has strong marketing principles and core values for the business so that healthy and quality food products can be provided to the customers. Apart from effective marketing, there are various steps taken by the company for the sustainable business operations. The company is concerned about the environment in which it is operating and focused on making people aware about the healthy food products. References Bag, S., Anand, N. Pandey, K.K., (2016), Green Supply Chain Management Model for Sustainable Manufacturing Practices: Green Supply Chain Management for Sustainable Business Practice, p.153 Bickhoff, N., Hollensen, S., Opresnik, M., (2014),The Quintessence of Marketing: Strategic and Operative Marketing PlanningSegmenting, Targeting, Positioning.pp. 47-11 Bruning, E. R., Hu, M. Y., Hao, W., (2009), Cross-national segmentation: European Journal of Marketing, 43(11/12), 1498-1522 Chakravarthy, B., Coughlan, S., (2011), Emerging market strategy: innovating both products and delivery systems, 40(1), 27-32 Cullen, J.B. 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Basera, C.H., (2012), The Influence of Socio-cultural Variables on Consumers Perception of Halal Food Products: A Case of Masvingo Urban: International Journal of Business Management, 7(20), 56-66 Tang, C.S., Sodhi, M.S. and Formentini, M., (2016), An analysis of partially-guaranteed-price contracts between farmers and agri-food companies: European Journal of Operational Research, 254(3), pp.1063-1073 Trematerra, P., (2013), Aspects related to decision support tools and integrated pest management in food chains, Food Control. Vachani, S. and Post, J.E., (2012), Creating socially responsible value chains: Role of companies, governments and NGOs: Business, society and politics: Multinationals in emerging markets, pp.17-44 Vakratsas, Demetrios Ma, Z., (2005), A Look at the Long-run Effectiveness of Multimedia Advertising and Its Implications for Budget Allocation Decisions: Journal of Advertising Research, 45 (2), pp. 24154 Verain, M. C., Dagevos, H., Antonides, G. (2015), Sustainable food consumption. Product choice or curtailment, Appetite 91, 375-384 Wong, K. K., (2010),Approved Marketing Plans for New Products and Services, USA: iUniverse

Sociology Revision Guide free essay sample

Broad definition which covers a wide range of beliefs -Does not necessarily include beliefs in a supra-human, supernatural being Focuses on the function of beliefs in society, and the way in which things that people regard as sacred can bind societies together, through shared values. Looks at the ways in which unconventional beliefs can be seen as sacred, i. e football. Substantiate and exclusivist-Bruce: religion is â€Å"beliefs, actions and institutions which assume the existence of supernatural entities with powers of moral purpose† Berger: Religion is a â€Å"sacred canopy† or shield providing supernatural protection against random and apparently meaningless events. Focuses on what religion actually is, involving supernatural, supra-human beliefs of some kind -Fits with what most people would regard as religion, i. Islam, Christianity etc, Though includes unconventional beliefs such as Wicca and paganism also. A definition adopted by most sociologists. Features of religion – Beliefs – in the supernatural, incomprehensible powers, or in symbols which are regarded as sacred. We will write a custom essay sample on Sociology Revision Guide or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Theology – a set of teaching and beliefs based on holy scripture Practice – Rituals and ceremonies which are either public or privately i. e praying or fasting Institutions – provide an organisation of the worshippers/believers, usually buildings like churches. Consequences – A set of moral or ethical values that are meant to guide or influence the everyday behaviour of believers. IDEOLOGIES PLURALIST -Sees the exercise of power in society as reflecting a broad range of social interest. -No-one has a single monopoly of power, a wide range of interest groups and individuals that live alongside each other compete for it. There is no single dominant ideology that reflects the interests of a group, which is something to be approved of and welcomed. -It denies that there may be an unequal distribution of power in society, and not all social roups are equally able to influence those with power, or get their views accepted – something which the pluralist ideology tries to conceal. MARXIST- The ideas that people hold are formed by their position in society. -Ideology is the ideas of particular social groups reflecting their interests. -Dominant ideology – In this case the ruling class. Mannheim – the ruling class deliberately obscure facts in order to conceal the inequalities of capitalist society, thus preserving existing patterns of inequality, the privileged position of the ruling class, and preventing any social change which may threaten them. Althusser –The ideology is spread through ideological state apparatuses -Gramsci – hegemony – the ruling class, through dominant ideology, maintains power by persuading the working class to adopt ruling class ideology as part of their own beliefs and values, thus consenting to the idea, and not being forced. FEMINIST Patriarchal ideology Supports and tries to justify the power of men in a patriarchal society. Ideas are mainly concerned with protecting and promoting the interests of men. RELIGION – Like ideology, offers a vision and means of understanding and explaining the world. Ideas are not necessarily tied to the interests of one social group. -Giddens – Religion is â€Å"shared beliefs and rituals that provide a sense of ultimate meaning and purpose by creating an idea of reality that is sacred, all-encompassing, and supernatural†. -There are three main aspects to religion: 1) Belief in the supernatural and spiritual 2) Faith on the p art of believers – a strong sense of trust and conviction in theories not based on testable evidence 3) A body of unchanging truth – i. e Christ. All new discovers are fitted into these existing frameworks. Religion can be part of an ideology – a social group may seek to use religion for its own ends i. e Marx religion is the opium of the people. SCIENCE -Science and religion are often seen as competing ways of explaining the world -Science aspires to objectivity and value-freedom based on research methods producing explanations based on empirical evidence. -Science may in some respects be an ideology as it is subjective to social pressures and prejudices Popper- Scientific method involves: 1)Hypothesis formation – capable of being tested against evidence derived from systematic observation 2) Falsification ) Prediction – through establishing cause and effect relationships rooted in evidence. Theory formation – If the hypothesis is capable of being tested against evidence and cannot be shown to be false, there is confidence that it is probably true, and a â€Å"scientific truth†. 5) Scrutiny – by other scientists, will only stand until evidence is discovered to prove it false. This means that ideas and theories in science are not unquestionably accepted as in religion, but are subject to constant challenge. Researchers should aim not to prove their hypotheses true, but false, as no hypothesis can ever be proven true, there is always the possibility of a future exception. Swans. -If Popper’s approach is accepted, science may displace religion as there is no evidence to disprove that god exists, or does not exist, thus preventing the chance of these stages. Kuhn – Challenges whether scientists actually set out to falsify their theories in practice. Scientists work within a paradigm which colours their views of their research, i. e how to approach it. When scientists test their hypotheses they try to fit their findings into their existing paradigm, rather than attempt to falsify, dismissing evidence which contradicts them as experimental errors or freak conditions. Thus, what passes for scientific truth may be more often an act of faith in scientific values. Bruce – It is the scientific method, rather than scientific discoveries that has provided the greatest challenge to religion as a belief system, thus moving society towards modernity due to the growing concern with evidence-based causes and effects, rather than the search for meanings. In modern society, religious explanations and superstitions are replaced by scientific explanations as scientific ones re shown to be wrong. I. e evolution V creation. -When phenomena occur we are now much more likely to look for scientific explanations, rather than blaming the devil. I . e. Mother Teresa’s TB cure. Comte – Society went through 3 stages to get to modernity, changing human understanding from a religious to scientific explanation of the world 1) Theological – where phenomena are explained through the supernatural i. e gods. ) Metaphysical – supernatural is diminished, more emphasis on entities and forces i. e nature. 3) Positive/scientific – stages 1 and 2 are displaced by rational scientific explanations based on evidence, logical thought, and reasoning. From this Weber spoke about a growing ‘disenchantment of the world’ Postmodernity – Society is changing so rapidly that it is marked by chaos and uncertainty Lyotard’s metanarratives can no longer be applied or held up as truth, and each one is now just one story among others, claiming different versions of the truth. Science can no longer claim superiority as it has failed to find cures i. e cancer, and has created issues like MRSA, global warming and climate change. Many scientists have shown themselves to be serving the interests of wealthy corporations, thus influencing research and stopping it from being value free. Science has lost its authority in society – a belief in science is akin to the faith of religion. Science may not be objective as: -the values and beliefs of researchers will determine what they study Career aspirations lead to scientists wanting to prove hypotheses right -Funding, and location may influence what and how research is carried out Science has not displaced religion as of yet, many millions identify themselves with the major religions of the world, and show loyalty in extremes such as People’s Temple, where 913 committed suicide, and terrorist attacks in the name of their God. ALSO – Many still hold some sort of faith, i. e superstition, ghosts, good luck charms. Conservative force- Building and maintaining social solidarity and social stability -Protecting traditional values and the existing state of affairs in society -Maintaining the status quo in society which COULD include supporting social change in order to return to traditional values and ways of life that are at risk of disappearing. Force for change- Concerned with how religious beliefs and organisations can change society and move it forward. There is a danger of overstating the importance of religion in either context, as there are often a number of other social, political and economic factors which influence the nature and extent of religion’s role in society. McGuire and Robinson There are four major interrelated factors which influence whether religion acts as a conservative force or force for social change: 1. The nature and extent of religious beliefs – if most in society hold religious beliefs, and these beliefs have strong moral codes which conflict with feat ures of existing society, religion is more likely to lead to criticism of society, and attempts to change it 2. The significance of religion in society’s culture – if religion is a central part of culture I. E. Ireland’s Catholicism, religion is more likely to be used as a means of justifying behaviour and change. 3. The extent of social involvement of religion – in societies in which religious organisations and religious figures are close to and involved with the people, and play important roles in the political and economic lifestyle of societies I. E. Iran, religion is more likely to influence social change. The aspect of social involvement of religious organisations in affecting social change is likely to become of even greater importance in societies which lack democracy, as protest and change have to be fed through religion. 4. The degree of central authority in religious organisations – in societies where religious organisations have strong central authority, religion is in a much better position to promote change or prevent it I. E. Saudi Arabia or Ir an where Islam has a very strong central authority, effectively used to influence the extent of changes in society. CONSERVATIVE FORCE – Functionalism -Religion promotes social harmony, integration and solidarity, through the reinforcement of the value consensus. Concerned with analysing the role of religion in meeting the functional prerequisites i. e. society can only survive if people share at least some common beliefs about right and wrong behaviour Religion is part of the way of life of society, and it helps to maintain cultural traditions and establish the basic rules of social life. Durkheim- social order and stability can only exist if people are integrated into society by a value consensus. Religion is an important element in achieving this, as it provides a set of beliefs and practices which unite people together. -All societies divide the world into the â€Å"sacred† and the â€Å"profane† – religion relates to the sacred aspect of society, though not necessarily the supernatural. -Totenism- Durkheim found this when studying Australian aborigines, and thought that it represents religion in its most basic form. The totem is created by society, and is so sacred because it is a symbol of the group or society When worshipping the totem, people are really worshipping society. Religious beliefs such as totenism, and the ceremonies and rituals that go with them, act as a kind of social glue, binding people together and building bonds By sharing beliefs, giving themselves a sacred quality, people develop moral ties between themselves, thus a collective conscience that exists outside of individuals, but controls individual behaviour, and how members of a community relate to each other, i. . in ethnicity. Though religion builds collective conscience, the supernatural dimensions will eventually disappear, and other civil religions might take on this role. HOWEVER this might make it questionable whether we are still talking about religion, or just other ways people are integrated into society. Malinowski – Religion reinforces social norms and values, promoting social solidarity. Provides explanations for events that are hard to explain and gives security in the face of uncertainty. Fulfils a need for emotional security and relieves situations of emotional stress which threaten social solidarity and stability, such as times of suffering, death, or illness that produce anxiety and tension, or even disillusionment, uncertainty and loss of meaning as people encounter events they cannot explain or understand. Provides a source of comfort, explanation and meaning for individuals when faced by such circumstances i. e. funeral services, both in terms of beliefs in life and death, and the support of family and friends around them. Evidence such as church attendance soaring during wartime supports this. Parsons – The role of religion is providing and underpinning the core values of any culture, and the social norms which regulate peoples’ behaviour. The set of moral beliefs and values in religion may become so deeply ingrained through socialisation that it has an effect on the lives of believers and non-believers alike. i. e. if social rules such as killing, stealing, and adultery are broken, people feel a guilty conscience, thus making it a powerful socialising and controlling influence over the individual. Religion gives meanings and explanations, thereby enabling people to make sense of otherwise inexplicable and uncontrollable life crises which might threaten order and stability in society. Religion provides a mechanism of adjustment, thus providing a means of returning to some sense of normality -Functionalists downplay the role religion can play in social change -Religion can only fulfil the roles which functionalists state it does it people actually hold religious beliefs and practices. Religiosity is diminishing and there is growing secularisation in many Western countries, shown by dramatic declines in church attendance; less than half of the population now believe in God. -In contemporary society, it is hard for a common religion to bring people together as there is now a wide diversity in faith -More often than not religion tears people apart: religious based wars conflict in the same religion – sunni and shia muslims in Iraq conflicts between religions – the Indian warfare between Muslims . nd Hindus. .It seems that the stronger the religious belief, the stronger the sense . that other religious beliefs are wrong, heretical, or evil. CONSERVATIVE FORCE –Marxism According to Marx, religion is â€Å"the sign of the oppressed creature, the heart of a heartless world, and the soul of soulless conditions† -Religion is part of the dominant ideology -Althusser: religion is an ideological state apparatus, which spreads Gramsci’s view of hegemony -Religion has two main functions: 1. Religion as the â€Å"opium of the people†- Religion acts like a hallucinatory, pain-relieving drug, creating illusions among the oppressed which helps to maintain the power of the working class. -Religion eases the pain produced by poverty, exploitation and oppression in unequal class societies and help to overcome the effects of the alienation of individuals in capitalist society by providing some control, purpose and meaning in their lives. -Religion promises an eventual escape from suffering and oppression in this life with promises of an ecstatic future in life after death, making a virtue of poverty and suffering. If people believe that what happens to them is God’s will, and a test of faith to be rewarded in the afterlife, they are more likely to accept, or even welcome, their fate, not trying to change or improve their circumstances. Religion sometimes provides hope of supernatural intervention to solve problems on earth. I. E. Jehova’s witnesses believe that God will intervene and destroy the wicked on earth in the battle of Armageddon, and survivors will form a new paradise on earth. The promise for the future encourages people to not try and change things. 2. Religion legitimises and maintains the power of the ruling class – Religion is an instrument of social control and oppression used by the ruling class to justify their power and material wealth. -Religion provides a religious explanation and justification for inequality i. e. the Indian Hindu caste system – providing strict rules about how to behave in order for their body to be reincarnated to a higher level. If they don’t obey, their caste will be reborn onto a lower level. Inequalities are presented as being God-given and therefore legitimised and inevitable. The inequalities between rich and poor can’t be challenged or changed without questioning the authority of religion or God itself. In the past, religion has justified the power of kings – the ‘divine right of kings’. -religion can only act like opium if people actually take it – if people believe and if religion has an institutional power, which cannot be true as religiosity in contemporary Western society is declining. -Religion can act as a form of resistance to the powerful, and thus as an agent of social change I. E. Islamic fundamentalism- a vehicle for resisting Western cultural imperialism in their country by the Ayatollahs against the shah in the 1970s CONSERVATIVE FORCE – Interpretivist -Generally studies the meanings and interpretations of people in order to understand their behaviour -Religion is used by individuals to create meaning and interpretations of the world and of symbols. Thus religion can be used to manipulate peoples thoughts I. E. the shroud of turin, which in itself is an old piece of cloth with no meaning, value, or importance. – People have placed meaning on it for it to be special. Berger – Religion provides a universe of meaning that gives individuals a sense of meaning and explanation in the face of a chaotic world. -Religion provides a theodicy that gives meaning to and makes sense of seemingly inexplicable and fundamental questions about human existence I. E. the meaning of life, why poverty and suffering exist in the world. -Religion is a ‘sacred canopy’ that provides a shield for an individual and protects them from uncertainties, meaningless and pointlessness of life by helping them to interpret and make sense of the world and their position in it. By providing things that help make sense of the world such as Universes of meaning and theodicies, religion is contributing to the maintenance of social stability. -Berger argues that in modern society religion is losing its role for most people as the provider of a universe of meaning, being replaced by reason, logic, and science, thus creating growing secularisation and disenchantment with the world In the media saturated, globalised, post-modern society there is an increasing diversity and fragmentation of beliefs and lifestyles, thus meaning religion is losing its validity as a universe of meaning and theodicy. Thus, as Berger argues, the sacred canopy of religion has been lost, and religion no longer provides this source of meaning and morality. CONSERVATIVE FORCE – Religion as a compensator Stark and Bainbridge – examine the meaning and the functions of religion for individuals in society Religion meets the needs of individuals when their sense of social order i s disrupted by economic hardship, loneliness or grief Belief in God, religion and religious organisations provides a means for individuals to make sense of and come to terms with such events as well as answering fundamental questions. Religion acts as a general compensator, providing hope after death. Religion in some form or another will never disappear, as it provides answers to universal questions and offers general compensators meeting human needs FORCE FOR CHANGE –Weberism -To understand human behaviour it is necessary to examine the meanings people give to events and ideas, which can have important consequences for the way they think and act – religion is an important component of this. The evolution of new religious idea can stimulate social and economic change as people act in terms of their beliefs religion could be an important force in social change, including economic change. Calvinism Weber sought to explain why capitalist industrialisation developed first in Western Europe rather than in other parts of the world so studied Calvinism -Calvinist beliefs had an important influence on the development of an industrial capitalist economy and class. -Weber argued hat for capitalism to develop, both the normative conditions and material conditions were needed, and saw C17th Calvinism as producing the normative conditions which made the protestant work ethic which provided the ‘spirit of capitalism’ that encourage capitalist development According to Weber, Calvinism alone provided the rationality and religious ideology and ethics which encouraged the development of capitalist industry. Features of Calvinism and the Protestant work ethic 1. Predestination – their fate is already decided by God, but there is no way of knowing if you are a chosen one. The solution to this is to become involved in ‘intense worldly activity’. 2. The Protestant ethic emphasised values and virtues like hard work, thrift and modesty and the avoidance of idleness, time wasting, excessive sleep and self-indulgence. 3. Hard work and material success were seen as religious virtues and a likely sign of being one of God’s chosen, as was living life to these values. 4. Valued the pursuit of wealth and making money, and promoted the virtues of reinvesting profits back into the business rather than spending them on luxuries and self-indulgent consumption -Thus, a major reason why capitalist industrialisation developed first in Western Europe, as hard work, self-discipline and making money to re-invest and expand a business were not just part of a good capitalist business practice, they were also good religious morality according to the Calvinists. SOCIAL CHANGE – Evidence Bruce and Islamic Fundamentalism – consists of ideas based on the literal meanings of the words in the Qur’an and literal interpretations. Also a belief in and a return to the true form of religion, such as C7th Mecca. -Islam is a major international force for change late C20th and early C21st – American Twin Towers bombing London transport bombing Wars in Afghanistan/Iraq RELIGIOUS ORGANISATIONS -Various attempts have been made to categorise the different types of organisation through which people express and practice their religious beliefs. The typology is based on factors like structure, relationship with the state, and commitment required from members, based on the work of Weber, Niebuhr, Troeltsch, and Wallis. -The typologies are really ideal types, and no religious group will conform exactly to the categories outlined, and may infact combine aspects of each type, or develop or change over time. Much of the work is based on Western Christian religions, and therefore do not necessarily apply to other faiths. World-rejecting: in opposition to the world, reject many of the dominant norms and values of society, and replace them with alternative beliefs and practices. Members are likely to live their lives in different ways to other members of society World-accommodating: generally accept the dominant norms and values of society, and members will live similar lifestyles to other members of society World-affirming: accept society as it is, and offer individuals the opportunity for self-improvement within it. Members are likely to live similar lives to other members of society, apart from their interest in what many regard as deviant, bizarre, esoteric or obscure matters. Churches and Denominations –relatively minor differences, other than size, influence, and relationship to state. -both have a bureaucratic structure – a hierarchy of officials -Religious pluralism and growing secularisation means that many churches and . denominations do not expect or get a high degree of commitment. Churches and denominations are becoming more alike, more tolerant of other groups and . , and co-exist happily alongside eachother – thus, the idea of a ‘church’ may now be . obsolete, with the term ‘denomination’ more accurately describing religious organisations. Sects and Cults – tend to be seen as more deviant as they involve beliefs and behaviour that are seen as odd, weird . or bizarre, or a threat to existing society The terms can be used interchangeably, with the same group sometimes being classified as both. Barker- the terms sects and cults have such a stigma and pejorative attached to them that they .. have been abandoned altogether the mass media’s treatment of sects and cults means that they are associated in the popular . imagination with groups that are evil, controlling and manipulative, perhaps harmful and . rainwashing their members.

American Housing Market Crisis before 1990s and After 2000

American Housing Market Crisis before 1990s and After 2000 Housing crisis before 1990s and after 2000 The oil crisis The United States economy was hit hard by the oil crisis which occurred in 1973 as a result of Middle East countries curtailing their oil supply to the US. This led to oil shortages culminating into price hikes. The ultimate result was accelerated economic downturn. According to Fox (para. 10), the economic downturn affected the housing industry negatively.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on American Housing Market Crisis before 1990s and After 2000 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For example, decline in consumer purchasing power led to a decline in demand for homes. In addition, a large number of home buyers cancelled their home purchasing agreements. This led to a massive slump in the price of homes and hence a decline in home sales. Increase in consumer demand According to Wright (38), post war America was characterized by a large number of poor citi zens who were competing for affordable houses. The post war period was characterized by a significant number of Americans were living below poverty level. According to Wright (38), the rate was 13% during 1980s. On the other hand, the housing industry did not have sufficient number of units to cater for the rising demand. The rise in demand and the subsequent decline in housing unit led to a rise in the cost of housing as illustrated in the graph below. In 1970s the average price of a single unit was $23,000. As a result of rising demand, the price increased to $ 62,200 and $70, 300 in 1980 and 1983 respectively. The median monthly rent for a unit increased from $108 in 1970 to $ 243 in 1980 and $ 343 in 1983. This represents a significant rise in housing price within one decade. Subprime mortgages and increase in home supply In the 21st century, United States experienced a rampant growth of the housing industry. Until 2006, price in the housing industry was on an upward trend. The lucrative nature of the industry led to a large number of investors venturing the industry.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In an effort to increase their profit, financial institutions issued undertook financial engineering by incorporating adjusted rate mortgages (ARMS) to individuals whose credit worthiness was relatively low (Reinhart 1). This means that they increased their lending capacity making it possible for individuals with low creditworthiness to own homes. The ARMS had a relatively high rate of interest compared to conventional mortgages. This arises from the fact that the rate was fixed for certain duration. Upon adjusting the rate, the rate was increased making it costly for individuals to refinance their mortgages. As a measure to avert losses, financial institutions issued foreclosures to home owners who defaulted paying their mortgages. According to BBC (para. 19), the repossessions led to a dramatic decline in house prices similar to that witnessed in 1930s. This arose from an increase in unsold homes. It is estimated that there were approximately 4 million unsold homes in US by November 2007 which depressed prices. As a result of rise in home supply, firms in the real estate industry were forced to lower their prices in an effort to dispose unsold properties. According to Maximus (1), an increase in supply of a commodity leads to a decline in its price. By the third quarter of 2007, it was estimated that house prices were declining with a margin of 4.5% annually which was expected to increase to 10% in 2008. The chart below illustrated the trend in housing prices from 1998 to 2007. Source: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7073131.stm Work Cited BBC. The downturn in facts and figures. BBC News. 21 Nov. 2007. 24 Jan. 2011. Web.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on American Housing Market Crisis before 1990s and After 2000 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Fox, Richard. Understanding the housing crisis. Washington: The Jewish Policy Center. 2008. Web. Maximus, Fabius. The housing crisis allows America to look in the mirror. What do we  see? Word Press. 9 March 2009. 24 Jan. 2011. Web. Reinhart, Carmen. Reflections on the international dimensions and policy lesions of the  US subprime crisis. VOX. 15 March 2008. 24 Jan. 2011. Web. Wright, James. Address unknown: the homeless in America. New York: Aldine Transaction, 2009. Print.

Admission to the Masters of Accounting Program

I have faced a number of knotty situations in life. On one occasion, I was working with the ADA or the American Diabetes Association. We worked as two groups and our principal task was to count and reconcile the checks, cash and credit card donations, which used to arrive in large quantities. One day an older man joined our team. Then our troubles started. Till that time we had worked without any mutual misgivings or bickering. With the advent of this person, our time schedules and procedures went haywire. I studied the situation and realized that all this was due to his reluctance to follow the established procedure. Every one, in both the groups, was compelled to go home late, due to this person’s obduracy. All felt that he should be suitably reprimanded, but no one was willing to undertake this unpleasant task. The question that was foremost on every one’s mind was ‘who would bell the cat?’ I jumped into the fray and gently but firmly convinced him that what he was doing was unacceptable. He was happy with this way of communication, because I had talked to him in private, so that his pride was not hurt. This had the desired effect and we were able to complete the work in time. In addition, I was also the secretary of the African Cultural Society. I was instrumental in planning and implementing the IREP Africa program at the College of William Mary. This task entailed coordination between and interaction with a number of fellow students, faculty and departments. I emerged much stronger as a coordinator, facilitator and administrator after this novel experience. The professed objective of this program was to unite African student organizations in Virginia and to improve their relations with each other.   I actively participated in several campaigns to raise funds for the underprivileged in Africa and one of them was in respect of poverty stricken women of Uganda. A successful and efficient accountant is one who is reliable, thorough, ingenious, a seeker of solutions, well organized and performance oriented. Of these the most important is trustworthiness, because accountants, in addition to their usual work, have to offer reliable advice regarding the conduct of business in the present day economic and legal context. Moreover, if accounting standards are not adhered to, then the company stands the risk of having to close down. The Sarbanes Oxley Act was enacted in the year 2002, in order to deal with such eventualities. Another important trait of an accountant is attention to detail. I possess this in ample measure. This fact was disclosed in my tenure as the treasurer of the African Cultural Society, between the years 2006 to 2007; and as the Vice President of the Syndicate. In these tasks, I maintained authentic and comprehensive financial records. I reviewed the internal financial controls and ensured that the organization’s moneys were safe. This club has a number of advantages and I took up aggressive marketing to ensure that its membership increased. The lack of ethical and moral accounting practices in business organizations results in financial frauds. This was clearly established in the following cases.In the year 2001, Enron announced a net loss of $ 618 million for its third quarter and that it would reduce the shareholders’ equity by $ 1.2 billion. The SEC immediately stepped in and demanded financial information from Enron. The Enron team of Auditor’s lead by their leader Anderson systematically destroyed a large number of financial documents. Subsequently, the Enron officials and its auditors were charged and convicted of fraud. This company had engaged in malpractices relating to financial accounting, with the result that the company became bankrupt. To conceal its malafide practices, this company indulged in complicated accounting practices. This illustrates the fact that accounting has to be ethical, transparent and morally upright. The consequence of the Enron case was that the law relating to accountancy was made more stringent. However, more than even legislation; personal attitude, morality and ethical behavior should have greater influence. WorldCom was another company, which also attempted to camouflage its fraudulent activities by resorting to fudging of figures and falsification of financial reports. The procedure adopted by its accountants was less sophisticated than that of the Enron team; nevertheless, it committed a much greater fraud than Enron. However, these cases were not isolated incidents and proved to be merely the tip of the iceberg. Several more such fraudulent corporations were investigated by the Federal and state regulators. The principal among these are Adelphia, HealthSouth and Tyco, to name a few. I have a flair for leadership and I often volunteer to lead in various academic projects. Recently, I took over the reins of project, involving the formulation of a business plan to be presented to the board of directors. This project emerged as a huge success, despite the difficulties encountered, due to having to lead a team of peers. The team comprised of persons with different temperaments and it required a lot of innovativeness and ingenuity to extract the best from them. I have tremendous patience, as can be attested to by the students of the second grade, whom I teach as a volunteer teacher in the Waller Mill Elementary school, in Williamsburg. The foregoing incidents from my life reveal that I possess a high level of integrity, reliability, planning and implementing capacity, motivational skills, inspiration, ability to work in a team and patience. 2.   What are you hoping to achieve during your studies in the MAcc Program? I will complete my Bachelor’s degree in accounting by the month of May, 2008. Subsequently, I intend to pursue the Masters of Accounting Program at the College of William and Mary’s School of Business. This course is truly outstanding and the faculty is the third best in the nation. Classes are typically small and informal. The emphasis is on acquiring expertise. The faculty is easily accessible, if one wants to clarify doubts. In conjunction with my considerable management and leadership skills, this knowledge in accountancy will render me highly suitable for obtaining the Certified Public Accountant license. My principal objective is to become a CPA. Admission to the Masters of Accounting Program I have faced a number of knotty situations in life. On one occasion, I was working with the ADA or the American Diabetes Association. We worked as two groups and our principal task was to count and reconcile the checks, cash and credit card donations, which used to arrive in large quantities. One day an older man joined our team. Then our troubles started. Till that time we had worked without any mutual misgivings or bickering. With the advent of this person, our time schedules and procedures went haywire. I studied the situation and realized that all this was due to his reluctance to follow the established procedure. Every one, in both the groups, was compelled to go home late, due to this person’s obduracy. All felt that he should be suitably reprimanded, but no one was willing to undertake this unpleasant task. The question that was foremost on every one’s mind was ‘who would bell the cat?’ I jumped into the fray and gently but firmly convinced him that what he was doing was unacceptable. He was happy with this way of communication, because I had talked to him in private, so that his pride was not hurt. This had the desired effect and we were able to complete the work in time. In addition, I was also the secretary of the African Cultural Society. I was instrumental in planning and implementing the IREP Africa program at the College of William Mary. This task entailed coordination between and interaction with a number of fellow students, faculty and departments. I emerged much stronger as a coordinator, facilitator and administrator after this novel experience. The professed objective of this program was to unite African student organizations in Virginia and to improve their relations with each other.   I actively participated in several campaigns to raise funds for the underprivileged in Africa and one of them was in respect of poverty stricken women of Uganda. A successful and efficient accountant is one who is reliable, thorough, ingenious, a seeker of solutions, well organized and performance oriented. Of these the most important is trustworthiness, because accountants, in addition to their usual work, have to offer reliable advice regarding the conduct of business in the present day economic and legal context. Moreover, if accounting standards are not adhered to, then the company stands the risk of having to close down. The Sarbanes Oxley Act was enacted in the year 2002, in order to deal with such eventualities. Another important trait of an accountant is attention to detail. I possess this in ample measure. This fact was disclosed in my tenure as the treasurer of the African Cultural Society, between the years 2006 to 2007; and as the Vice President of the Syndicate. In these tasks, I maintained authentic and comprehensive financial records. I reviewed the internal financial controls and ensured that the organization’s moneys were safe. This club has a number of advantages and I took up aggressive marketing to ensure that its membership increased. The lack of ethical and moral accounting practices in business organizations results in financial frauds. This was clearly established in the following cases.In the year 2001, Enron announced a net loss of $ 618 million for its third quarter and that it would reduce the shareholders’ equity by $ 1.2 billion. The SEC immediately stepped in and demanded financial information from Enron. The Enron team of Auditor’s lead by their leader Anderson systematically destroyed a large number of financial documents. Subsequently, the Enron officials and its auditors were charged and convicted of fraud. This company had engaged in malpractices relating to financial accounting, with the result that the company became bankrupt. To conceal its malafide practices, this company indulged in complicated accounting practices. This illustrates the fact that accounting has to be ethical, transparent and morally upright. The consequence of the Enron case was that the law relating to accountancy was made more stringent. However, more than even legislation; personal attitude, morality and ethical behavior should have greater influence. WorldCom was another company, which also attempted to camouflage its fraudulent activities by resorting to fudging of figures and falsification of financial reports. The procedure adopted by its accountants was less sophisticated than that of the Enron team; nevertheless, it committed a much greater fraud than Enron. However, these cases were not isolated incidents and proved to be merely the tip of the iceberg. Several more such fraudulent corporations were investigated by the Federal and state regulators. The principal among these are Adelphia, HealthSouth and Tyco, to name a few. I have a flair for leadership and I often volunteer to lead in various academic projects. Recently, I took over the reins of project, involving the formulation of a business plan to be presented to the board of directors. This project emerged as a huge success, despite the difficulties encountered, due to having to lead a team of peers. The team comprised of persons with different temperaments and it required a lot of innovativeness and ingenuity to extract the best from them. I have tremendous patience, as can be attested to by the students of the second grade, whom I teach as a volunteer teacher in the Waller Mill Elementary school, in Williamsburg. The foregoing incidents from my life reveal that I possess a high level of integrity, reliability, planning and implementing capacity, motivational skills, inspiration, ability to work in a team and patience. 2.   What are you hoping to achieve during your studies in the MAcc Program? I will complete my Bachelor’s degree in accounting by the month of May, 2008. Subsequently, I intend to pursue the Masters of Accounting Program at the College of William and Mary’s School of Business. This course is truly outstanding and the faculty is the third best in the nation. Classes are typically small and informal. The emphasis is on acquiring expertise. The faculty is easily accessible, if one wants to clarify doubts. In conjunction with my considerable management and leadership skills, this knowledge in accountancy will render me highly suitable for obtaining the Certified Public Accountant license. My principal objective is to become a CPA.

Free Speech Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Free Speech - Term Paper Example sidered as spreading hate and ridiculing the homosexuals, this decision was based on the isolation of specific content from each of the flyers that were distributed. The tribunal then charged Mr.Whattcott and the Christian truth activists for distribution of the flyers and also because this promoted hatred against homosexuals. It was also decided that Mr. Whatcott will pay $2,500 to one of the complainant and $5,000 to the rest of the three (Canlii.org). However, when the case was appealed again, it was over turned in the year 2010 because it was decided that most of the contents of the flyers were within the constitution and that although it did break the laws of free speech and religion, but it was within the limits of the constitution. According to the court, the two anti-gay flyers were actually a representation of the hate speech and hence it reestablished the Saskatcewan’s tribunal finding and the fines that were decided by the court previously. However, the court decided that the other two flyers did not contain any expressions or speech that could expose or hurt the homosexuals (CBC News Canada). This case serves as one of the few examples that help differentiate between the thin line that exists between freedom of speech and hate crime. The decision made by the Supreme Court was actually justified and correct as the act lies in accordance with Canada’s hate crime law. Talking about the hate crime, According to the criminal code of Canada, hate crime is any act that inflicts harm, terror or threatens a group of people who practice a certain religion or follow certain beliefs or customs. Hate crime law is generally used when the victims are subjected to violence because of who they are and this may include any acts of physical or mental harassment or the application of physical force or threat to that specific group of people, an individual or even a property (CBC News Canada). The section 14(1)b of Saskatchewan human rights code also states that no

Policy and Assurance Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Policy and Assurance - Term Paper Example An Information Assurance (IA) policy is one of the mechanisms that an organization could use in order to achieve this. This paper will examine the issues in formulating such policy, including an overview of what IA is, the threats it aims to address, the ethics of developing certain rules that concerns rights issues, among other related variables. The United States Department of Defense defined Information Assurance as â€Å"the information operations that protect and defend information and information systems by ensuring the availability, integrity, authentication, confidentiality and nonrepudiation† including the provision for â€Å"restoration of information systems by incorporating protection, detection, and reaction capabilities.† (Boyce and Jennings 2002, p. xii)) This comprehensive definition underscores the breadth of the IA’s coverage. But the most important among its functions concern the treats to security which could come from many different areas including – but not limited to – intentional attacks and also from unintended acts that result from technical, organizational and individual mistakes. It is the human beings who use the information system – those who make decisions, who exploit it and use it – usually cause uncertainty and risks. According to a study Bidgoli (2006), attacks and threats to information systems within an organization are almost evenly split between those originating from the outside and those from the inside. (p. 4) This fact underscores how an Information Assurance policy must aim its operations towards both the outsider and insider attacks of all forms. In developing an organizational information assurance, the fundamental rule in Oliva’s mind, is to start within the enterprise architecture. (p. 32) The reason for this is that all organizations are founded in this framework - from the mission of the organization, how

A Reflection of Faith Essay Example for Free

A Reflection of Faith Essay A Reflection of Faith As I reflect upon my faith journey, I realize that like so many other â€Å"cradle Catholics,† I had become complacent. I was raised in a predominantly Catholic nation, by an Anglican mother and Catholic father. After being dutifully baptized into the church, I was set upon my path as any ‘good Catholic† should. Even though I attended Catholic girls’ school, my early days of catechesis consisted of Mass and Sunday school more as a ritual than an integral part of living my faith. I performed the rites of First Holy Communion and confession with no real understanding of my commitment and responsibilities. Confirmation was a spiritual fiasco, from which I almost did not recover. My parents did their best to provide a religious foundation for my siblings and me. In retrospect, they were probably ill-equipped to do so. My higher education and pursuit of my vocation have sometimes made it difficult for me to accept and conform to some simple dogmas of the church. I hold many strong personal views on many issues and have had considerable challenges applying the dogma to my personal life. I have always believed that God has a purpose for us all; my purpose was rather hazy until about seven or eight years ago. The illness and death of my mother at age 56, was a tremendous catalyst in my faith journey. I realized that in my vocational quest, I was not following Christ’s plan, moreover, I was trying to fit Christ into my plans. Consequently, my fervent observation of the Holy Days, abstinence form meat of Fridays in the early days, and unending serviced to my parish in the form of Eucharistic minister, Sacristan, and Catechist, were spiritually void. Once I truly succumbed to Christ and sought His path, my commitment to discipleship was fortified. When God provided me the privilege to serve at St. John, He facilitated a means for me to further enhance my own faith, and to impact that of students on a daily basis. This quote from 1 Timothy 4:12 â€Å"Let no one look down on your youthfulness, but rather in speech, conduct, love, faith and purity, show yourself an example of those who believe;† allowed me to embrace my vocation and truly see its gifts. I am called to live out my vocation in the classroom and positively communicate the doctrines of our faith. This, as well as additional Catechesis has taken my understanding of the â€Å"universal† church to new levels. I love each and every one of my students for his or her uniqueness and ability to motivate me to be the best example of Christ that I am able. I no longer focus on my personal flaws or on the â€Å"flaws† I once perceived in the dogma; but on each minor success I gain in the Christian values of my students. Now that my role in Catholic education has come full circle, I feel very blessed to be part of such a rich tradition of faith and discipleship. I passionately believe in my purpose as a Catechist and I know that God will continue to strengthen me as I continue to walk His path.

Formatting Requirements for Publications :: Publishing Papers

Formatting Requirements for Publications Abstract. In this paper, we describe the formatting requirements for CSCL 2005 publications, and we offer a number of suggestions on writing style for the worldwide CSCL readership. These instructions pertain to the published component of submissions only. Some submissions may require other documentation in addition to the published paper. Keywords: Guidelines, formatting instructions, author's kit, conference publications INTRODUCTION The CSCL 2005 Proceedings will provide a persistent record of the conference, published in both CD-ROM and paper formats. We hope to give the proceedings a uniform, high-quality appearance. To do this, we ask that authors follow some simple guidelines. In essence, we ask you to make your paper look exactly like this document. The easiest way to do this is simply to download this template and replace the content with your own text and graphics, being careful not to add any new styles or redefine the template styles. You may want to open this document in Word and then Save As â€Å"CSCL 2005 Template.dot† by saving the Change As Type pull-down list to Document Template. PAGE SIZE All material on each page should be centered on an A4 (8.26 x 11.69 inch) page with 2.5cm (or 1 inch) margins all around. It is important to check these margins even if you use this Word template, because they might have been overwritten by your local settings. TOTAL NUMBER OF PAGES Long papers should be 8-10 pages. Short papers should be 4-5 pages. All other published material, including doctoral consortium abstracts and descriptions of interactive events and workshops, should be 2-3 pages. This includes everything: from the title to the references. FORMATTED TEXT Carefully format your submission using the following styles: Title and Authors The title (Helvetica 18-point bold), authors' names (Times New Roman 12-point bold) and affiliations (Times New Roman 12-point not-bold) run across the full width of the page. We also recommend that you add your e-mail address using the affiliations style. If only one address is needed, center all address text. For two addresses, use two centered tabs or a table (as in this paper), and so on. For more than three authors, you may have to improvise. There should be one blank Normal (10 pt.) line between the title and authors. Abstract and Keywords Place two blank Normal (10 pt.) lines after the title, followed by an abstract of about 100 words. The abstract should begin with the word â€Å"Abstract.† in bold, and should be formatted in the â€Å"Abstract† style provided in this template (like Normal, but indented 1cm each side).

Legal issues

Are Deed. Charlie and Bella also liable for the lawsuit against the firm by their client Mr.. Laurent.? 2. If so how far responsible are the other partners for Jakes mistake? 3. If no other partner liable, what excludes them? 4. Are there any defenses to any of the members of the firm from being liable to the lawsuit? Law: Partnerships partnership Act 1891 (SLD) Nature of Partnership Determination of existence of partnership Joint venture partnership Liability of Incoming partner Dissolution of partnershipsCompany Law Khan v Amah [2000] ‘Nature of partnership' Cox v Carlson [1916] ‘Joint venture and partnership' – ‘how the partnerships are created and what sustains them' Hammerer Pity Ltd v Egg [1996] ‘Liability of retiring partner' – does a recently retired partner have any liability to the losses or profits of the firm? ‘ Application â€Å"The rule s that persons who agree to carry on a business activity as a joint venture d not become p artners until they actually embark on the activity in question† (text, 328).This Is In regards to Bella who claimed she had no liability towards the lawsuit against the firm as she had only been working there a short while and was not at work the time the accident happened. Bella had however been working there with a â€Å"view for profit† (Text, 328) which happened to be the activity in question. With this same question in mind t has been stated that † It is possible for a person to be a partner even though they do not have a claim to the share of the profit† (text,328).Bella had not contributed any capital upon joining the firm but still took on the Job of a partner at the firm through assistance. Unlike the case of â€Å"Cox† (text,331 ) whereby ACH party was found with different liabilities for their parts of the Joint venture â€Å"Magic Zillions† Is a deferent case as they were continuing with the business In an effort to get a profit. â €Å"Where there is profit sharing and a more integrated business structure† (text. 30) as n the case of Magic Zillions it means that there was an aim for profit which is what considers the determination of existence of a Partnership amongst all four persons. In order for a ‘partner' to have been qualified as retired there has to be written confirmation that Charlie had actually been excluded from his entity and all its business, but the case does not well specify this. The implied 1 OFF partner it means that they â€Å"must contribute equally towards losses† (text,335) and in this case the loss is the lawsuit which is aimed at everyone a part of ‘Magic Zillions'. A partner who retires from a firm does not thereby cease to be liable for the partnership debts incurred before their retirement† (text,343), this case of the Liability of retiring partner falls on Charlie. † Charlie has since retired from the business due to stress and ill-health and h as limited personal funds† ( facts), although Charlie had been retired but still part of the entity during the accident it disqualifies him from not being liable for the lawsuit against ‘Magic Zillions' as he was a partner then when the accident happened.Conclusion On the balance of Probabilities the Magistrates court would find that Deed, Charlie, Jake as well as Bella are all partners of ‘Magic Zillions' due to the evidence and supporting cases mentioned above and all would have to contribute to the $30,000 to the plaintiff, Mr.. Laurent to cover the injures he faced upon entering the premises of the defendants, ‘Magic Zillions† Legal Issues Security Awareness and Training Program (for Nancy Johnson and other similarly situated employees) Nancy Johnson and other employees were terminated from their jobs by the administrator of the company, US Bancorp Comprehensive Welfare Benefit Plan Committee. The â€Å"Cause† of Johnson’s termination of employment is â€Å"willful and gross misconduct†; when Johnson accessed the files of her supervisor containing the 2002 performance level of the company’s employees. When Johnson was denied the severance payment (she was able to access a file that contains the proposed merging of US Bancorp with another company – some employees would be terminated with severance payment, except those who were involved in gross misconduct), she requested for a summary judgment to the district court. The district court favored Johnson arguing that the company did not establish a security information system that would prevent employees from accessing the files of the company. The committee though wrote an appeal to the circuit court arguing that the court erred in its interpretation of the provisions of the plan. The circuit court agreed to the arguments of the committee, arguing that since no official interpretation as to the use of the terms â€Å"willful and gross misconduct†, the administrator of the plan can apply these terms to similar situations. The severance payment to Johnson was therefore denied. Information security awareness and training programs then should be designed based on the so-called Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1984. The statute â€Å"criminalizes unauthorized access to a ‘protected computer’ with the intent to obtain information, defraud, obtain anything of value or cause damage to a computer† (Security Awareness Laws, http://www.massachusetts.edu/lawsfaq/faq.cfm#7).   The so-called ‘protected computer’ is a computer used for foreign or communication purposes (as in the case of the plaintiff) and for interstate interaction. Without authorization from the Department of Defense or the Foreign Affairs, accessing information from said institutions is deemed illegal. Also read: Explain Legal Issues, Policies and Procedures Relevant to Assessment Sharing of passwords, computer fraud, and damage of essential federal information are also deemed illegal. The law was extended to include private computers. In the case of the defendant (the corporation), it must institute narrower definitions as to the terms â€Å"willful and gross misconduct.† This will definitely also narrow the options for employees who are accessing important information from the company’s database. The employees must be first acquainted ( by memorandum) of the sites allowed to use during office work. Security Awareness and Training Program (for Scott Moulton) The plaintiff, Scott Moulton accused the defendant of probing the former’s network of clients. Defendant claims statements from Moulton concerning the defendant were defamatory. First is the statement made by Moulton to C.J. Johns, information systems manager for the Cherokee County’s Sheriff’s Office (December 19, 1999) that defendant had created security risks and that defendants network employees were stupid. The second is the statements made by Moulton that the way defendant planned to connect the Police Department to two systems created a security risk from the internet. Lastly, statements from the plaintiff said that defendant’s network had created a security risk. The plaintiff though argued that these statements were merely opinions. People may agree or disagree with the statements made. The court though granted the defendant summary judgment for the failure of the plaintiff to run a put test in the project. The plaintiff was also granted a summary judgment for the failure of the defendant to reduce the security risks. The US Congress passed a bill on July 2004, stating that internet probing of contractors to government websites (contractors duly approved to negotiate for the construction of website connections between government offices) can only be legal on three counts: 1) probing does not in any way create security risks for the government office involved, 2) the probing would not result to malversation of any public information, and 3) such probing must be requested by the client government office, with approval from its head office. Though the case was a posteriori since the bill was passed before the case was filed, it would be good for government offices to follow the guidelines of the law on internet probing of intergovernmental offices. Hence, law analysts saw the law as the â€Å"most Balearic† safeguard of the government from hackers. Security Awareness and Training Program (for Dewey Watkins) The plaintiff, Dewey Watkins requested the district court to cancel a computer access code that had been assigned to him and was being used (with the supervisor’s approval) by another authorized employee. The code provided access to confidential records maintained for Tennessee’s Medicaid Program. The plaintiff argued that the action of the supervisor violated the confidentiality provision of the state law. The plaintiff also accused EDS of terminating his employment when the former refused to participate in the â€Å"illegal† conduct.   The circuit court however affirmed the decision of the district court to grant summary judgment in favor of EDS, for the reason that Tennessee law does not conflict with the general provision of the Confidentiality Law. There was no proof that other employees also use the computer access code, and if there was such a case, it would be legal. It is noteworthy that the same law discussed in case 1 also applies in this case. Sharing of passwords to access public documents is clearly prohibited by law. Nonetheless, although the terms â€Å"public information† was the focus of the case, it should be noted that public information are information that have direct link to the public in general. This constitutes government programs, strategic social and economic planning, and of course interstate activities. Security awareness programs must be based on the definition of public information in order to vindicate any instances of sharing passwords or revealing information from government-locked and secured database. References Nancy J. Johnson v. US Bancorp †¦ United States Court of Appeals for the Eight Circuit. Appeal from the United States District Court of the District of Minnesota. September 9, 2005. Security Awareness Laws. 2006. University of Massachusetts. URL http://www.massachusetts.edu/lawsfaq/faq.cfm#7. Retrieved September 14, 2007. Scott Allen Moulton and Network Installation Computer Services, Inc., Plaintiffs v. VC3, Defendant. United States District Court, Atlanta Division. Watkins v. EDS. NO. 1:00-CV-434-TWT. United States Court of Appeals No. 03-6353. United states Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. November 2, 2004.    Legal Issues Security Awareness and Training Program (for Nancy Johnson and other similarly situated employees) Nancy Johnson and other employees were terminated from their jobs by the administrator of the company, US Bancorp Comprehensive Welfare Benefit Plan Committee. The â€Å"Cause† of Johnson’s termination of employment is â€Å"willful and gross misconduct†; when Johnson accessed the files of her supervisor containing the 2002 performance level of the company’s employees. When Johnson was denied the severance payment (she was able to access a file that contains the proposed merging of US Bancorp with another company – some employees would be terminated with severance payment, except those who were involved in gross misconduct), she requested for a summary judgment to the district court. The district court favored Johnson arguing that the company did not establish a security information system that would prevent employees from accessing the files of the company. The committee though wrote an appeal to the circuit court arguing that the court erred in its interpretation of the provisions of the plan. The circuit court agreed to the arguments of the committee, arguing that since no official interpretation as to the use of the terms â€Å"willful and gross misconduct†, the administrator of the plan can apply these terms to similar situations. The severance payment to Johnson was therefore denied. Information security awareness and training programs then should be designed based on the so-called Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1984. The statute â€Å"criminalizes unauthorized access to a ‘protected computer’ with the intent to obtain information, defraud, obtain anything of value or cause damage to a computer† (Security Awareness Laws, http://www.massachusetts.edu/lawsfaq/faq.cfm#7).   The so-called ‘protected computer’ is a computer used for foreign or communication purposes (as in the case of the plaintiff) and for interstate interaction. Without authorization from the Department of Defense or the Foreign Affairs, accessing information from said institutions is deemed illegal. Also read: Explain Legal Issues, Policies and Procedures Relevant to Assessment Sharing of passwords, computer fraud, and damage of essential federal information are also deemed illegal. The law was extended to include private computers. In the case of the defendant (the corporation), it must institute narrower definitions as to the terms â€Å"willful and gross misconduct.† This will definitely also narrow the options for employees who are accessing important information from the company’s database. The employees must be first acquainted ( by memorandum) of the sites allowed to use during office work. Security Awareness and Training Program (for Scott Moulton) The plaintiff, Scott Moulton accused the defendant of probing the former’s network of clients. Defendant claims statements from Moulton concerning the defendant were defamatory. First is the statement made by Moulton to C.J. Johns, information systems manager for the Cherokee County’s Sheriff’s Office (December 19, 1999) that defendant had created security risks and that defendants network employees were stupid. The second is the statements made by Moulton that the way defendant planned to connect the Police Department to two systems created a security risk from the internet. Lastly, statements from the plaintiff said that defendant’s network had created a security risk. The plaintiff though argued that these statements were merely opinions. People may agree or disagree with the statements made. The court though granted the defendant summary judgment for the failure of the plaintiff to run a put test in the project. The plaintiff was also granted a summary judgment for the failure of the defendant to reduce the security risks. The US Congress passed a bill on July 2004, stating that internet probing of contractors to government websites (contractors duly approved to negotiate for the construction of website connections between government offices) can only be legal on three counts: 1) probing does not in any way create security risks for the government office involved, 2) the probing would not result to malversation of any public information, and 3) such probing must be requested by the client government office, with approval from its head office. Though the case was a posteriori since the bill was passed before the case was filed, it would be good for government offices to follow the guidelines of the law on internet probing of intergovernmental offices. Hence, law analysts saw the law as the â€Å"most Balearic† safeguard of the government from hackers. Security Awareness and Training Program (for Dewey Watkins) The plaintiff, Dewey Watkins requested the district court to cancel a computer access code that had been assigned to him and was being used (with the supervisor’s approval) by another authorized employee. The code provided access to confidential records maintained for Tennessee’s Medicaid Program. The plaintiff argued that the action of the supervisor violated the confidentiality provision of the state law. The plaintiff also accused EDS of terminating his employment when the former refused to participate in the â€Å"illegal† conduct.   The circuit court however affirmed the decision of the district court to grant summary judgment in favor of EDS, for the reason that Tennessee law does not conflict with the general provision of the Confidentiality Law. There was no proof that other employees also use the computer access code, and if there was such a case, it would be legal. It is noteworthy that the same law discussed in case 1 also applies in this case. Sharing of passwords to access public documents is clearly prohibited by law. Nonetheless, although the terms â€Å"public information† was the focus of the case, it should be noted that public information are information that have direct link to the public in general. This constitutes government programs, strategic social and economic planning, and of course interstate activities. Security awareness programs must be based on the definition of public information in order to vindicate any instances of sharing passwords or revealing information from government-locked and secured database. References Nancy J. Johnson v. US Bancorp †¦ United States Court of Appeals for the Eight Circuit. Appeal from the United States District Court of the District of Minnesota. September 9, 2005. Security Awareness Laws. 2006. University of Massachusetts. URL http://www.massachusetts.edu/lawsfaq/faq.cfm#7. Retrieved September 14, 2007. Scott Allen Moulton and Network Installation Computer Services, Inc., Plaintiffs v. VC3, Defendant. United States District Court, Atlanta Division. Watkins v. EDS. NO. 1:00-CV-434-TWT. United States Court of Appeals No. 03-6353. United states Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. November 2, 2004.