Impact of Pastoralism on Political and Economic Organization

Impact of Pastoralism on Political and Economic Organization The Basseri community is one of the traditional ethnic groups in Iran who inhabits the Fars province. This tribe is illustrated as Persian and Arab and nomadic within a delineated territory. The Basseri community is one of the pastoral nomads who usually wander along the plains and hills near the Shiraz town. In the area where they migrate it is said to be best for agricultural activities as well as it is also the habitat of a wide variety of birds and animals to hunt. Actually, the place is referred to as the land of nomadic tribes. As stated above, the Basseri communities are pastoralist, (Ronald, 2006). Therefore, in this essay I will be analyzing how the pastoralist mode of life has impacted the social, political, and economic organization. To be more precise, I will be analyzing the economic, social and political organization of the Basseri community. It is argued that the Basseri is a delineated group who can be defined not by ethnic or geographical but rather political criteria. The exact number of the population in this community is the recent time is not known as research has not been carried out to establish this. But in 1950s, they were estimated the entire community was estimated to be about 16,000. The vernacular language of the Basseri is Farsi, although a remarkable number of them do speak Arabic or Turkish Economic organization. It is important to note that just like in any other pastoralist community, pastures are seen as being the most crucial part of the Basseri community. However, the pastures are not enough to support the large flocks of animals of the community. This explains why this community wanders along the plains efficiently and according to a set schedule. In most cases, there is no official division of labor when setting, ready to make a move, (Thomas, 2009). Although this community is on the move from one place to another throughout the year, it is argued that agriculture is the most crucial part of the community. The tribe has developed a way of life that enables them to maximize the use of seasonal pastures. Arguably, the nature of the climate that is found in the area they inhabit dictates that they perform artificial irrigation so as to support their agricultural activities during the dry season. It has been observed that the most common economic activities that are carried by the community are domestic work, animal raring, and daily cycles of migration. In this community, the principle of division of labor is well appreciated as it makes work easier. Division of labor is usually applies as work is distributed according to sex as well as age although circumstances may sometimes dictates that work be allocated to one sex or age, (Ronald, 2006). The animals that are kept by this community includes; horses which are used for riding more especially by men, donkeys which are used for simple transportation especially by kids and women, camels which are used for heavy transportation during migration, and dogs for guarding their herds during the night. Despite the fact that the community keeps a number of domestic animals, those of the greatest importance are the goats and sheep. Besides, the community also keeps poultry not for their eggs but specifically as source of meat. As mentioned above, the goats and sheep are highly valued by the Basseri more than any other animal specifically because of the milk, wool, meat and hides that they supply. It should be noted that in most cases, the animal products are consumed as soon as they are produced; although some may be preserved for future use, or as trade commodities. It is estimated that each and every household in the community owns about 120 goats and sheep and more than 8 donkeys. To some extent, trading can be considered as being one of the economic activities of the Basseri community. It is true that the community cannot produce all they need for themselves as they wander from place to place. Therefore, exchanging what they have for what they do not have is inevitable. Mostly, they trade with villagers and other communities who they encounter with on their way as they move from one place to another. Some of the goods which they trade in include; cash crops such as the dates and cotton, and other animal products, (Ronald, 2006). Moreover, they sometimes undertake animal hiring business in that they hire out their animals for transport. In exchange, they get from the villagers such goods as cereals for instance, barley which is one of their stable food. Other which they trade in includes craftsmanship products such as tent fixtures and some other household items. It should also be noted that when drought persisted for a long period, the Basseri are forced to r ent land from the villagers for grazing and water rights during migration period. Social Organization. Socially, this community is organized into small groups. The basic unit of social organization among the Basseri is known as the tent. Notably, a tent is a unit that is occupied mainly by a nuclear family. The tents in turn form the camp groups. Moreover, each and every tent represents a production as well as a consumption unit headed by a male individual. The occupants of tents act as political units which have rights over property within the community units, (Ronald, 2006). The combination of units to form a small herding groups whose combination depends on usefulness rather than kinship principles, is a common feature among the Basseri community. In the winter periods, a group of 3-6 tents of herding units form up small camps that are about 3-4 kilometers apart. Most of the historians assert that in the real sense, these camps form up the principal communities of the Basseri nomadic society. Kinship Among the Basseri, marriage is considered as being a very important social event that constitutes the entire household. It is a common thing that the authority to make marriage contracts lies on the hands of the head of the household or tent, (Khanam, 2008). Many a times, marriage takes between the ages of about seventeen and twenty for the female case but in males, it might happen at an older age. It is an obligation of the father to furnish his daughter with various items usually household items during the ceremony. To some extent, the father may also offer some animals such as goats and sheep to his son-in-law as an economic support to start his family. The obligation of the mothers of the couple is mainly to prepare a new home for the couple by entwining a new tent where the couple will be living after the marriage. Although the authority to make marriage contracts is within the powers of the head of a tent, the contract is in most cases presided over by a nontribal ritual specialist, or holy man, (Ronald, 2006). This contract is concluded by the bride-payments for the girl on top of the domestic tools she is expected to bring to her in-laws. According to this community, the newly married couples have equal rights as far as decision making is concerned. The two individuals sit down together and discuss on family issues and how they should raise their family in order to fit in the community. Beliefs and Values The Basseri are one of the Shia Muslims who adheres to the teachings of the Islam religion. However, some of them are not very much aware of the beliefs of Muslims, ceremonies and customs. This is so because they tend to differ from other Muslim over the events and divisions of the Muslim year, although sometimes they are influenced by other villagers who they encounter while in movement from one region to another, (Khanam, 2008). It has also been noted that they are not strict in observing some Islamic customs even though they are aware of them. For instance, this community rarely celebrates Islamic feasts. In fact, even the most common feasts of Ramadan and Moharram are observed by not many Basseri. When it comes to rituals, they are usually associated with the life cycle of the people more than the Islamic teachings, that is, from birth to death Gender relations As stated earlier, although the distribution of authority is fairly equal, men are considered as the head of their families once they start their families. A female can only be considered to be the head of her family if only she is a window, (Khanam, 2008). Work is also distributed in terms of sex. Female and children undertake domestic chore while men take care of the animals and provide security for their families. It is as well, the work of men to provide water and wood for the family. Sickness and Healing It is very rare for a Basseri to fall sick majorly because of the kind food they eat. Because of the kind of life they live, these people mostly take natural plants and animal products which help to boost their immunity system. However, the community has medicine-men who are specialists in treating the sick. In most cases these specialists uses natural medicine which they obtain from natural herbs. Social Change There are some remarkable changes that have been occurred among the Basseri community over time. This may be majorly due to the different people with different modes of cultures who they encounter in their migrations. Therefore, there are some things that they have copied from these communities and they have also influenced these communities in one way or another. For example, from the very beginning the community was known to be purely pastoralists who their needs were met from their animals, (Thomas, 2009). However, with time they have learnt to also plant some crops to supplement their diet and also as a source of food for their animals during the dry season. It is also argued that trading was never one of the economic activities among the Basseri people. They have only learnt this activity from other communities more especially the villagers who sometimes offer their pastures for the Basseri animals in exchange for animal products such as hides and milk. Unlike most of the nomadic communities more especially in the East Africa who were independent and autonomous, the Basseri formed the Khamseh Tribal Confederation which was also a part of the elite urban merchants. With time, this community have come to be independent in one way or another because of the decisions which they make which are generally based on the circumstances and also the needs that they have as per that time and not according to the requirements of the confederation. Arguably, there have been a lot of changes in the social structure of this community over time. It is important to note that inter-marriages in the community were never prohibited. As a result, a number of the Basseri community members have been assimilated by other communities majorly due to intermarriage, (Khanam, 2008). This has also led to the changing roles between the males and females. In the current times, it is normal for a woman to undertake what is considered as a mans job and vice versa. Political organization In this community, a centralized type of government is used in administration. A chief is the single leader of the Basseri who has supreme authority over the entire community, (Khanam, 2008). The functions of the chief includes; collection and storage of goods in the community, planning and directing how the community should take its production activities, and ensuring that the behavior of the people is as per the norms and beliefs of the community. The Basseri are grouped into smaller units called tribes or chiefdoms. The smaller groups are usually headed by a leader who is usually recognized by the chief. These tribes or chiefdoms forms the formal institutions that are used to unify the dispersed groups. According to this community, leadership depends on the lineage clans. This means that one becomes a leader if only his parents or clan comes from the leadership background. The chief draws his powers from the headmen (Katkhoda) who he sometimes, gives precious goods as gifts. The headmen are very influential people than any ordinary man because they are privileged to deal directly with the chief, (Thomas, 2009). These headmen come from the various political units (Tents). As mentioned early, leadership among the Basseri is hereditary. This explains why the son of the Basseri is always considered to be a Basseri even if his mother may be from a different tribe. As such, there is some kind of stratification of the society according to the different levels of power and prestige. In many nomadic communities, raiding is a very common phenomenon because they belief that all the animals belongs to them. However, among the Basseri community this is not the case. They prefer co-existing peacefully with their neighbors who they encounter as they wander from place to place. This explains why they prefer an arbitration mode of conflict resolution whenever there is a misunderstanding between either the community members or the community and another community. There are different modes of dealing with those who are found to have broken the code of behavior that is accepted in the community, (Khanam, 2008). This will include imposition of fines whereby the offender is supposed to pay a certain amount of agricultural products, and to the extreme one may be disowned by the community members, a decision which is made by the Chief who is the supreme authority in this community. Conclusion The Basseri community can be described from various viewpoints that are common in almost all the nomadic communities. For instance, almost all these communities have a similar form of political and social organization. However, due to the surrounding communities and the environment the community has come to change their life-styles in one way or another. This explains the various changes that have been observed in the Basseri community in the recent times.

Two poems by Archbishop Jien

Two poems by Archbishop Jien (Carter, p. 171, poem 327; p. 172, poem 330) and two by Shunzei's Daughter (Carter, p. 175, poem 341; p. 176, poem 342) â€Å"plumb the depths of your intent without laying it [the situation] bare† (Kamo no Chomei, p. 3, No. 6) to depict mankind's paradoxical approach to the moon: seeking reassurance and companionship in its permanence and predictability, despite it being an uncertain mystery, inaccessible directly and impossible to control nor fully understand. The poets merely provide a stark glimpse of the situations in which the speakers find themselves, so that the reader must fill in with his or her resonance to complete the poetic experience. The speakers' attempts to escape their predicament by seeking fulfillment in the deceptive permanence of the moon are left hanging incomplete, creating in turn for the reader an atmosphere embroiled with lack of fulfillment and the mystery of the moon, which probes the reader's depths of intent to understand as best he can. The sense of lack of fulfillment upon which the poems end creates a vacuum into which any careful reader fills to restore the equilibrium. The lingering sense of incompletion creates an atmosphere that â€Å"hovers over the poem† (Fujiwara no Shunzei, p. 3, No. 7), â€Å"plumb[s] the depths of [their] intent†, thereby extending the reader's frame of mind into a realm â€Å"distinct from its words† (Shunzei, p. 3, No. 7). All four poems possess this quality. In Jien's poem 327 (Carter, p. 71), the moon sets before a lone traveler has had enough of the moon's company and beauty manifested in its reflection in the mountain spring water he was drinking, as his cupped hands suggest. As honkadori from Ki no Tsurayaki's poem 171 (Carter, p. 105) on â€Å"Parting, composed upon bidding farewell to someone with whom he had talked near a spring on a mountain road†, it reaffirms the instinctive human desire for any type of company, human or not-Monk Saigyo even makes a companion of solitude: â€Å"If not for solitude,/how dismal my life would be! † (Carter, p. 167, poem 318). In this case, the floating, unanswered to last line â€Å"leaving me still wanting more† conveys the speaker's loneliness and desire for his trustworthy but only temporarily graspable (through reflection) companion the moon. The consciousness of such emotional attachments and desires indicates the timelessness of the emotions, perceptions, and aesthetic sensibilities of past poets, to which humanity has been responding even till now. Furthermore, the experience is not restricted to one specific context; Tsurayaki's speaker was not satisfied with the brief human contact, but Jien's speaker made do with the inanimate moon. That the experience transcends not only minds but also contexts reinforces it. All this was not laid out bare. The speaker in Jien's other poem (Carter, p. 172, poem 330) calls out for someone to understand his sorrow and looks to the moon for an answer. His exposure to the indiscriminate, sharp and harsh â€Å"bright gleam† of the moon suggests through a heightened monochromatic contrast and the fact that no one responds to the speaker's resounding question spoken out loud in this darkness delineates the individual alone in the stark, empty world, on a clear, dark night. Whether or not he answers his question remains ambiguous until one recalls that the moon shining in the darkness has long since been a symbol of Buddhist enlightenment within this transient world of suffering and sorrow. He wonders till he gazes up and his senses seem to drown in the bright gleam of the moon. The reader can imagine that he will follow the gleam of the moon-the moon which is always there, but still subject to mutability and likely to bring sorrow until one arrives at the point of detachment. In Shunzei's Daughter's poem 341 (Carter, p. 75), a lover departs such that his bodily absence creates a vacuum for which the lady tries to compensate by opening the door to let the moonlight stream into the room. The man has his attachments elsewhere, so despite being â€Å"reluctant† to leave, there is nothing he can do, and his body allows him to be only at one place at one time. In stark contrast, right after he leaves, the moon floods the lady's room, detached, impartial and fair to all, sharing its infinite light with all beings everywhere. The moonlight automatically streams in through open doors-there is no need to wait, as a woman then had to wait for a lover who might not come. Hence, in place of any explicit sadness the lady might harbor due to her lover's absence, the moon in the sky at the break of day (as well as the lover's absence) creates a sense of aware that anticipates the sun's drowning out of the moon with the start of another day. This quiet, stark morning atmosphere, again distinct from the words of the poem and was not laid out bare, invites introspection before the day wakes up the rest of the living beings. Lastly, Shunzei's Daughter's poem 342 (Carter, p. 176), the speaker, with â€Å"wait! † calls for the autumn moon not to proceed into the course it follows as autumn deepens and winter approaches. Familiarity with the moon has made the speaker comfortable with personifying the moon as if it is a friend. However, the constant upon which the speaker has always relied-the moon's nightly cruise through the sky-will now change with the seasons. The speaker is thus confronted with the difficulty of reconciling the uncertainty of the future with the comfortable familiarity of the past. This foreboding uncertainty of the future is embodied in â€Å"Now I cannot be so sure/ of seeing you travel/through the same old sky again/as I did so long ago† which is left hanging with no suggested solution. The only constant is change, and every change results in more uncertainty. That the poem does not lay everything bare points toward the uncertainty it embodies. In all four poems, the tendency to search for a resolution in the seemingly permanent and dependable moon is a paradox the speakers in the poems face. The moon's circular shape is itself symbolic of its predictable cyclical patterns, rising and setting, waxing and waning at specific times. Appearing nightly in the sky, people know that it is always there, and is the same one seen from anywhere, anytime. In fact, despite its predictability, it is still mutable and hence subject to unpredictable changes, for instance, in its course (poem 342). In addition, the moon cannot be grasped tangibly, only accessed indirectly through its reflection in the water (poem 327), its visible presence in the sky (poems 330, 342) and its moonlight filling in the room (poem 330, 341). As a result of all this, its fluidity of movement and appearance across time and its inaccessibility contradicts the widespread believed-in permanency of the moon's being. Furthermore, due to its inaccessibility, the moon was to past peoples an object of mystery they could neither control nor fully understand. Nevertheless, many, as illustrated by the speakers in the poems, turned towards it for answers and understanding. The moon does not argue, frustrate, or make you wait. Visible from anywhere in the world, its constancy, predictability and amorality make it an easy source of solace, reminiscent of Izumi Shikibu's â€Å"What am I to do/if the man I have waited for/should come to me now–/not wanting footsteps to disturb/the snow of my garden court† (Carter, pp. 23, poem 218). The empty hands (327), empty mind (330), empty room (341) empty future (342) in all four poems respectively, and the prominent, mystifying, quiet figure of the moon-the paradoxical emblem of mutability and permanence-prove that without â€Å"laying it bare,† a lingering bareness distinct from the words â€Å"plumb[s] the depths of your intent†, invoki ng a reaction. An experience may be eternalized in the words of a poem, but it is what has been left unsaid that triggers the common biological response that ties all humanity. It is the collective resonance by readers across temporal, spatial and situational contexts to the experiences depicted in the poems, and to the universal, ironic attraction to the all-embracing moon that demonstrates the timeless universality of these emotions amongst humanity these past poets illuminate.

Vkalp Bonsai Nursery Executive Summary - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 23 Words: 6904 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? [Vkalp Bonsai NURSERY] Executive Summary My idea is to open a bonsai nursery called Vkalp. A bonsai tree is an ornamental plant. Most of the nurseries present in and near Ahmedabad focus mainly on selling their plants. Vkalp would go a step ahead in not just selling the plant but also educating them as to how to grow bonsai? How to maintain these bonsai trees {this is a very critical issue as most of the people cannot maintain these trees and these trees terminates their beauty}? Vkalp also intends in giving short term certified courses in Bonsai culture. This would bring awareness in the mind of people regarding Bonsai trees. Growing Bonsai trees is basically an art so Vkalp also intends in organizing competitions to promote the Bonsai culture. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Vkalp Bonsai Nursery Executive Summary" essay for you Create order Bonsai (pronounced bone-sigh) is an ancient oriental horticultural art form. The word Bonsai literally means, in both Chinese and in the Japanese language, tree-in- a-pot. Contrary to popular belief, bonsai is not the art of stunting a trees growth. The characters for bonsai translate, roughly, to pot and to plant. As such, bonsai is the art of growing trees in a confined space (usually a pot or a tray); so as to recreate some of natures most stunning and beautiful effects on trees, which are reduced in scale. Originally developed in the Orient almost 2000 years ago, today the sublime art of bonsai is practiced throughout the world. A tree planted in a small pot is not a bonsai until it has been pruned, shaped, and trained into the desired shape. When undertaking bonsai, you may find a new sense of appreciation for nature; you may start looking at trees, bushes and shrubs differently. Bonsai will surely change the way that you look at things. Mission statement To provide information to our customers so they can make informed, environmentally sound decisions about their landscape project. Vision Statement The Vkalp is a highly respected, ethical nursery. We are clearly structured and organized to promote success of our team members in an atmosphere that highly regards and encourages the sale and use of plant material to strengthen, rebuild, maintain and support our ecology and economy. Our most successful tool is knowledge of our product and how to help our customers use it successfully. We have a synergistic relationship with suppliers and customers. Idea My idea is to open a nursery cum retail outlet catering to ornamental plants especially concentrating on Bonsai. The scope of the idea is not just limited to selling the plant but also to provide services related to it. Core activities of proposed business The core activities of Vkalp would be opening a retail outlet of nursery which would basically focus only on Bonsai trees. Its activities would include selling out Bonsai trees and other saplings. It would also be renting out Bonsai trees to corporate and event organizers. I intend not only in selling the Bonsai trees but also educating them how to maintain them, for this I would be providing them certified courses in Bonsai culture. Offering / product The offering would broadly include the following 4 categories. Bonsai (for sale) These Bonsai trees would be available to the customers for sale. Bonsai (rent) These Bonsai trees would be strictly available only for rent to the corporate. Samplings (assorted) These samplings would be sold in the initial stage only; just as in nurseries. Courses in Bonsai culture These courses would be given to those customers and people who are interested in understanding and managing Bonsai trees. Industry description and outlook Description of Primary Industry The primary industry for my business would be Horticulture industry. National Horticulture Mission was launched during 2005-06 for doubling the horticulture production through holistic development of Horticulture. Quality planting is crucial for area expansion, replacement of senile orchards and it also gives export competitiveness. The projected demand of various horticultural produce by 2011-12 is as follows: Commodity Production (Million tons) 2001-02 2006-07 2011-12 Fruit 43 59.36 81 Vegetables 88.6 115.52 185 Spices 3 5 5.5 Coconut 8.8 18 20 Cashew nut 0.5 1.5 1.7 Others 2.2 6 6.8 Total 146.3 205.38 300 A few states such as Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Punjab and Orissa, are self sufficient in production and distribution of planting material in some of the crops. Other states like Gujarat have to outsource their plantings to private and public nurseries. Total nurseries : 6339 Public Sector : 1594 Private sector : 4607 Top 5 states in Private Domain Maharashtra : 1300 Andhra Pradesh : 970 Himachal Pradesh : 684 Jammu Kashmir : 384 Gujarat : 335 So we can see that there is a huge demand for nurseries in Gujarat. And the horticulture industry is also growing at a continuous rate. In this industry the demand is much higher than the supply so there are many gaps which can be fulfilled. My aim is to open a nursery concentrating only on Bonsai and thus capitalizing on this opportunity. Design Industry in India My product is directly related to the Design Industry. Bonsai is an ornamental plant so they are considered as decorative plants in the house. Even while maintaining these plants it needs huge amount of creativity in the owner so if the Design industry is booming it will directly affect my business. The AMCON meeting held in Delhi on the sidelines of CSID Board Meeting brought in considerable participation from Asia and Asia Pacific Region and underlined the importance of such regional meetings to foster regional cooperation by sharing local concerns in a globalizing world. The reassurance of Asian design and the increasing globalization of markets like india and China have opened up considerable opportunities for designers and design-led companies. Similarly the focus on service design and design for quality of life including sustainable Design are becoming important strands as economies like India are becoming service driven and it is estimated that by 2010, service economy will form 65% of Indias GDP. The design scene in Asia is undergoing rapid change from one of being the follower to assuming more leadership in different product and service categories signaling a brighter tomorrow for Indian design as well as for the countries in Asia around. (design plus june 2007 by dr. D arlie o koshy) In the new age consumers are aspiring for holistic lifestyles and experiences. Consumer has become more discerning and selective these days this adds significance to multitude of parameters in products such as aesthetics, comfort, performance, value and above all service and experience. With the merchandising formats becoming more horizontal and retailers offering variety and choices, consumers are getting confused day by day. Necessity is no more the mother of invention it has move far from its conventional meaning to its new form, with the universal nature of products and services and in the shopping area, exclusivity would find more value than sheep mentality. Shopping is not only service provider to the consumer, but also retaining social, cultural and ethical values that restore a nation, its well being in terms of heritage and culture and contributes to cleaner and healthier environment. Retail industry in India The Retail Industry is also directly related to my business. My plants and most importantly the Bonsai would be sold to new houses and offices as a symbol of good charm. So if this industry is growing then my business would also capitalize on it. With property boom spreading in all directions, real estate in India is touching new heights. However, the growth also depends on the policies adopted by the government to facilitate investments mainly in the economic and industrial sector. The new stand adopted by Indian government regarding foreign direct investment (FDI) policies has encouraged an increasing number of countries to invest in Indian Properties. India has displaced US as the second-most favored destination for FDI in the world. As the investment scenario in India changes, India which has attracted more than three times foreign investment at US$ 7.96 billion during the first half of 2005-06 fiscal, as against US$ 2.38 billion during the corresponding period of 2004-05, making India amongst the dominant host countries for FDI in Asia and the Pacific (APAC). The positive outlook of Indian government is the key factor behind the sudden rise of the Indian Real Estate sector the second largest employer after agriculture in India. This budding sector is today witnessing development in all area such as residential, retail and commercial in metros of India such as Mumbai, Delhi NCR, Kolkata and Chennai. Easier access to bank loans and higher earnings are some of the pivotal reasons behind the sudden jump in Indian real estate. Flying high on the wings of booming real estate, property in India has become a dream for every potential investor looking forward to dig profits. All are eyeing Indian property market for a wide variety of reasons. Its ever growing economy which is on a continuous rise with 8.1 percent increase witnessed in the last financial year. The boom in economy increases purchasing power of its people and creates demand for real estate sector. India is going to produce an estimated 2 million new graduates from various Indian universities during this year, creating demand for 100 million square feet of office and industrial space. Presence of a large number of Fortune 500 and other reputed companies will attract more companies to initiate their operational bases in India thus creating more demand for corporate space. Real estate investments in India yield huge dividends. 70 percent of foreign investors in India are making profits and another 12 percent are breaking even. Apart from IT, ITES and Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) India has shown its expertise in sectors like auto-components, chemicals, apparels, pharmaceuticals and jewellery where it can match the best in the world. These positive attributes of India is definitely going to attract more foreign investors in the near future. Life style and Service industry in India As the overall disposable income of population in India is increasing the growth of lifestyle industry is also increasing as people tend to spend more on life style products. On the other hand service industry is considered as the most potential industry to grow at the highest pace till 2012. The company would offer various services like garden designing and maintained which is the service which would be catered to high level customers. Target customers The target customers for the different products would be different. Bonsai (for sale) The targeted customers for this segment would be majorly high end customers because it would be a costly product and would also be considered as a status symbol. To reach these customers I would take help of other nurseries and retail outlet of plants which have a direct access to the customers. These nurseries and flower shops would also be my customers. Moreover decorators and other retail outlets keeping decorative items would also be my customers. Bonsai (for rent) These Bonsai trees would be given on rent only to corporate and also to parties and events. So here my customers would be big corporate and also event management committees. I would rent by product to them so more the events more my product would be rented. Saplings (assorted) This would cater to the masses as it would be a cheap product. Here my customers would be nurseries and retail formats to sell plants. Here to sell these plants I would also have an agreement with builders to take plants and other decorative plants to be sold to them. They would use them in landscaping of their diverse projects. Courses in Bonsai culture This would cater to mainly those people who are really interested in understanding Bonsai and want to take up it as a hobby. Here my targeted customers would be only high end customers so they would be belonging to the upper class and upper middle class. Overall I intend to target the upper class and upper middle class. My product would be a status symbol so I dont want it to get diluted by selling it to the lower sections of the society. MARKETING COMMUNICAITON MIX FOR Vkalp Bonsai Nursery The strategic development of the Marketing Communication (MC) plan generally goes through two phases: The first phase is determining which MC functions and which media to use The second, which is more creatively challenging, is the phase where ideas would be created for how each MC function and medium will be used. Various MC functions and their mix called the Marketing Communication Mix would be used to achieve the above stated MC objectives. A Marketing Communication Mix is the selection of MC functions used at a given time as part of Marketing Program. The Marketing Communication Mix for Vkalp Bonsai Nursery would include: Advertising Word of Mouth Publicity ADVERTISING Vkalp Bonsai Nursery Vkalp initially to make the target audience aware and to attract them would focus on Advertising and Publicity but its main emphasis would be on Advertising. Here the main emphasis is to educate the targeted customer base about the Bonsai trees. The various media that Vkalp Bonsai Nursery would resort on for marketing and advertising Vkalp would be: Advertisements in local newspapers Leaflets placed in newspapers Advertisements in Radio Stations Creating Vkalps website Advertisements in Magazines: Two different advertisements each 3column X 5 Cm long in Magazines of Ahmedabad, Rajkot, Bhavnagar, Baroda as also either of Times of India or Business Standard would be required to make people aware of the establishment of Vkalp Bonsai Nursery. One would be to invite the target audience to apply for the membership and the other would be for attracting people to have educate the people about the Bonsai Culture. This advertisement would be floated on Friday, Saturday and Sunday editorials of magazines like Today, Sputnik, Stardust and many more relevant magazines which would reach to the targeted audience. These magazines would also attract corporate to place orders. Advertisement featuring attractive Bonsai Trees available at Vkalp Bonsai Nursery: Advertisement featuring to invite the target audience to apply for the membership of Vkalp Bonsai Nursery: Leaflets placed in Newspapers The most easy and less costly medium to aware people of the establishment of the Vkalp Bonsai Nursery would be placing colourful brochure kind leaflets in the most popular newspapers. This is different from advertising in the magazines in the sense that only the target audience would be made to come in contact whereas in case of advertising in the magazines all come in contact with the advertisement (also those who are not the target audience). These leaflets would be placed occasionally in the peak season like Diwali, summer vacations, Christmas and weekends. The newspapers in which such leaflets would be placed would be local newspapers like Gujarat Samachar, Divya Bhaskar and other local newspapers as also either of Times of India or Business Standard. These leaflets would be circulated to the newspaper providers of the middle, upper middle, upper and elite class areas like selected areas in Navrangpura, Naranpura, Thaltej, Gurukul, and S. G. Road, Vastrapura, Paldi and the like in Ahmedabad and similarly in other cities like Bhavnagar, Rajkot, Baroda. Advertisement in the Radio Station The modern radio stations are quickly penetrating the entertainment industry. These are source of entertainment for all from kids to elders in the family. These entertain women while they are cooking or while they are doing household chores, drivers while driving cars and so on. This medium has now become an efficient source of advertising with its far reach. The advertisements running in radio station, especially like Radio Mirchi, Radio One, SFM and My FM in Gujarat, for Vkalp Bonsai Nursery would inform the audience of the nursery and the Bonsai trees and would invite them to come to the nursery and buy the Bonsai trees. The other advertisements in radio stations of other states would also invite orders from outside and expand the operations of Vkalp. Creating Vkalps Website To attract a large number of target audiences Vkalp is planning to float a website. This website would contain the content that is sufficient for the clickers to educate them and also place orders through the website. ENSURING WORD OF MOUTH FOR Vkalp Bonsai Nursery The most effective way of attracting potential customers at Vkalp Bonsai Nursery would be with the help of WORD OF MOUTH. This technique helps not only attracting the new customers but also helps in retaining the most lucrative current customers for the Nursery. The word of mouth can be accomplished by providing quality services to the customers and members of Vkalp Bonsai Nursery. The market research would be conducted time to time to understand and analyse the preferences of the customers and Vkalp Bonsai Nursery would try and fulfil and even overdoing those expectations of the customers and consumers making them satisfied and delighted with its services. A satisfied or an overwhelmed (delighted) does not simply become a loyal customer who would frequently buy products from the nursery but would bring and inform others of the nursery. It is seen that 1 satisfied customer brings atleast 13 other customers. This method is a cheap source of attracting new customers though retaining and satisfying the current customers sounds a bit costly. PUBLICITY FOR Vkalp Bonsai Nursery The publicity is the use of non-paid media messages to deliver brand information designed to positively influence customers and prospects. Publicity is a free tool to attract and influence the customers and prospects. Vkalp Bonsai Nursery during its inauguration that is initial stage as also later stage nursery on publicity to attract and influence prospects and customers as this source is the most renowned and people give their full consent to such publicity. For creating publicity Vkalp Bonsai Nursery would on a regular basis conduct various events in the premises like Most Creative Bonsai and Bonsai Fair. Competitive analysis Competition v Bonsai For this segment there are no players concentrating basically on Bonsai trees only. There is an Ahmedabad Bonsai Club running in Ahmedabad but its objectives are very different, they are running it only as a hobby. My objective is to create a culture of Bonsai trees. v Saplings ( assorted ) Here there is huge competitions as there are many nurseries operating in Gujarat. v Courses in Bonsai culture There is as such no competition as no player is interested in educating the buyer about the product. Competitive advantage v I would like to create a competitive edge over my competitors by creating a Brand name for my Bonsai trees and also by making aware of the product I would like to create a culture for such ornamental plants. v I would also target my bonsai trees as a status symbol. v I would also keep a customer database which would help me increase my sale by increasing the number of purchases per customer. v My main competitive advantage would be creating a retail format. No other player has thought of going into a retail format. The existing players operate in a very conventional and traditional way; I would have a completely different view towards the nursery. My main aim would be customer satisfaction and create a culture for Bonsai trees not just by selling them but also educating the customers on how to maintain them. SWOT ANALYSIS Strengths: Varied Agro-climatic conditions Available surplus in Spices, Kharif Onion, Pea and Cucurbits. Strong cooperative credit and marketing structure High productivity for plants. Weakness: Poor irrigation facilities Erratic monsoon Shallow and undulating land and with low fertility Opportunities: Scope for Area expansion in fruit crop Potential to increase production and export of Banana , Mango, Potato, Cumin , Fennel and Isubgul Sradar Sarovar project will provide irrigation facilities for additional 17.90 lakh ha. Good potential for cultivation of medicinal and aromatic plants Investment in green house , floriculture projects , tissue culture units , fruits vegetable processing units Threats: Drought prone Prone to cyclone and locust Depletion of water table Deterioration of soil and water PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE Development: For the 1st 2 years I would be growing Bonsai trees and so I would not be selling the plants. This would be in the development stage where I would be developing and growing the bonsai. Introduction: In the introduction stage I would be introducing the Bonsai trees in the market. In this stage I would be incurring a lot of marketing expense as this product is very new to the market. So to make aware the customers I would have to work too much for the market penetration. Growth: This would be the stage when I would capitalize on all the fixed cost I would be incurring. I would try to stretch this stage as much as possible. This stage is the time when I would gain my maximum revenue. Once I would start making profit I would attract competition. Maturity: This would be the stage where many players would enter the market and competition would increase. I intend to diversify into other field of miniature during this stage. I would concentrate on other business and keep this business as a secondary source of income. Decline: In this stage I would close down this business and the other business which I have diversified I would concentrate on it. Porters 5 forces model 1. Bargaining power of customers: Here the customers do not have any bargaining power in the Bonsai section as me being the only supplier of Branded Bonsai trees I would have the bargaining power in deciding the price. Even when supplying Bonsai trees to the corporates on rent, I would be the 1st of my kind doing it so I would have an edge in deciding the price. When selling the saplings, I would not hold the bargaining power; its the customers who would have the right to decide the price as there are many players already supplying the same product. 2. Bargaining power of suppliers: Here the suppliers do not have any bargaining power with them because the basic raw material needed that is the saplings and the seeds are available very easily and their price can be bargained down as there are many suppliers in the market. 3. Threat of Substitute products: There is not much threat of substitute for Bonsai trees. Bonsai trees are basically ornamental plants, they in fact are the substitutes for Bamboo Shoots whose market has already been saturated. While in the saplings and nursery section there is a high threat of substitute as people might be intended towards artificial plants and decorations. These artificial plants may also pose a threat to the Bonsai section. 4. Threat to new entrants: There is a very high risk on new entrants in the field. As this field does not need any huge investment or does not have any huge entry barriers, this field is a very volatile market. One of the positive points that can be stated is that there is a death valley of 10 lacs for a period over 2 years. This discourages investors to invest in the field as there would be no returns or very nominal returns in the 1st 2 years. 5. Competition within the industry: In the saplings section there is a huge competition within the industry as there are many players and most of them are trust based. Most of them have also acquired land from AMC on lease for a very long period which would decrease their cost and give them a competitive market. But in terms of Bonsai trees section there is very less competition in the market as there are very less players supplying Bonsai and among those who are supplying most do not have authentic Bonsais. Management and ownership The ownership of my business would completely be in my hands. I would hold the complete equity. I would also take a loan of 20 lacs to fund my project. Capital Structure Contribution Equity 22 lacs Debt 20 lacs Subsidy 6 lacs Total 48 Lacs Here I would be putting a total of 22 lacs as my own equity. I would be taking a soft loan of 20 lacs from Central Bank of India at a nominal rate of 7.5%p.a.(under the National Horticultural board). I would also get a subsidy of approximately 6 lacs for the drip system and also the green house. Partner Network My partner network would include the following partners: A Bonsai Specialist that would help me to gain important know-how on how to grow Bonsai and also on how to maintain them. An agricultural specialist who would assist the local semi-skilled workers in growing the Bonsai trees. Central bank of India (Bank) which would provide us with the necessary finance needed to fund our project. These partners would not be contributing any capital towards the capital structure. They would be hired on pay basis. They would be paid salary for their proprietary knowledge. The reason why they would not be contributing any capital is that I want the complete hold of the business in my hand. Moreover in future if I am not satisfied with their contribution towards the business I can easily change them and keep new advisors. This would give me enough flexibility to run my business. Moreover I can even hire the best advisors in the town for my business. This decision is taken keeping in mind the future growth of the business, if in future the business expands I can hire advisors from China or Japan. Organizational structure The industry to which my business is related to is currently a new concept and has very limited players involved in it so the critical factor for the organizations will be to have the structure which complements the business in long run and have a sustainable competitive advantage. For the start of any new business or industry the organizations are having sole proprietor ownership, same is the case in my business. As the company is in the seed stage of its business life cycle it would be having sole ownership under the owner there would two specialists one would be bonsai specialist and another would be agriculture specialist. This two specialist would be guide the production department for getting the right quality of product the production department would be having 7 another subordinates who would do the production work. The marketing department would have several different activites which are as follows. Developing the retail market. Developing the corporate relationship chain through the communicators. Searching for the new markets. Developing a network through which the company would rent the bonsai plants. Moving forward the finance department would have a chartered accountant and a cash manger that would do the payment collection and accountancy work. Cultivation of Bonsai Trees Bonsai are not necessarily genetically dwarfed plants. They can be created from nearly any perennial woody-stemmed tree or shrub species which produces true branches and remains small through pot confinement with crown and root pruning. Some species are more sought after for use as bonsai material, because they have characteristics, such as small leaves or needles that make them appropriate for the smaller design scope of bonsai. The purposes of bonsai are primarily contemplation (for the viewer) and the pleasant exercise of effort and ingenuity (for the grower). By contrast with other plant-related practices, bonsai is not intended for production of food (although some fruit trees can be used as bonsai bearing limited amounts of seasonal fruit), for medicine (although some woody herbs can be made into bonsai), or for creating yard-sized or park-sized landscapes. As a result, the scope of bonsai practice is narrow and focused on the successful long-term cultivation and shaping of one or more small trees in a single pot. Techniques to grow Bonsai Trees This juniper makes extensive use of both Jin (deadwood branches) and Shari (trunk deadwood). The practice of bonsai incorporates a number of techniques either unique to bonsai or, if used in other forms of cultivation, applied in unusual ways that are particularly suitable to the bonsai domain. Leaf trimming This technique involves the selective removal of leaves (for most varieties of deciduous tree) or needles (for coniferous trees and some others) from a bonsais trunk and branches. A common esthetic technique in bonsai design is to expose the trees branches below groups of leaves or needles (sometimes called pads). In many species, particularly coniferous ones, this means that leaves or needles projecting below their branches must be trimmed off. For some coniferous varieties, such as spruce, branches carry needles from the trunk to the tip and many of these needles may be trimmed to expose the branch shape and bark. Needle and bud trimming can also be used in coniferous trees to force back-budding or budding on old wood, which may not occur naturally in many conifers. Along with pruning, leaf trimming is the most common activity used for bonsai development and maintenance, and the one that occurs most frequently during the year. Pruning The small size of the tree and some dwarfing of foliage result from pruning the trunk, branches, and roots. Improper pruning can weaken or kill trees. Careful pruning throughout the trees life is necessary, however, to maintain a bonsais basic design, which can otherwise disappear behind the uncontrolled natural growth of branches and leaves. Wiring Wrapping copper or aluminum wire around branches and trunks allows the bonsai designer to create the desired general form and make detailed branch and leaf placements. When wire is used on new branches or shoots, it holds the branches in place until they lignify (convert into wood), usually 6-9 months or one growing season. Wires are also used to connect a branch to another object (e.g., another branch, the pot itself) so that tightening the wire applies force to the branch. Some species do not lignify strongly, and some specimens branches are too stiff or brittle to be bent easily. These cases are not conducive to wiring, and shaping them is accomplished primarily through pruning. Clamping For larger specimens, or species with stiffer wood, bonsai artists also use mechanical devices for shaping trunks and branches. The most common are screw-based clamps, which can straighten or bend a part of the bonsai using much greater force than wiring can supply. To prevent damage to the tree, the clamps are tightened a little at a time and make their changes over a period of months or years. Grafting In this technique, new growing material (typically a bud, branch, or root) is introduced to a prepared area on the trunk or under the bark of the tree. There are two major purposes for grafting in bonsai. First, a number of favorite species do not thrive as bonsai on their natural root stock and their trunks are often grafted onto hardier root stock. Examples include Japanese red maple and Japanese Black pine. Second, grafting allows the bonsai artist to add branches (and sometimes roots) where they are needed to improve or complete a bonsai design. There are many applicable Grafting techniques, none unique to bonsai, including branch grafting, bud grafting, thread grafting, and others. Defoliation Short-term dwarfing of foliage can be accomplished in certain deciduous bonsai by partial or total defoliation of the plant partway through the growing season. Not all species can survive this technique. In defoliating a healthy tree of a suitable species, most or all of the leaves are removed by clipping partway along each leafs petiole (the thin stem that connects a leaf to its branch). Petioles later dry up and drop off, or are manually removed once dry. The tree responds by producing a fresh crop of leaves. The new leaves are generally much smaller than those from the first crop, sometimes as small as half the length and width. If the bonsai is shown at this time, the smaller leaves contribute greatly to the bonsai esthetic of dwarfing. It should be noted that this change in leaf size is usually not permanent, and the leaves of the following spring will often be the normal size. Defoliation weakens the tree and should not be performed in two consecutive years. Deadwood Bonsai growers use deadwood bonsai techniques called Jin and Shari to simulate age and maturity in a bonsai. Jin is the term used when the bark from an entire branch is removed to create the impression of a snag of deadwood. Shari denotes stripping bark from areas of the trunk to simulate natural scarring from a broken limb or lightning strike. In addition to stripping bark, this technique may also involve the use of tools to scar the deadwood or to raise its grain, and the application of chemicals (usually lime sulfur) to bleach and preserve the exposed deadwood. Taking Care of Bonsai Trees Watering With limited space in a bonsai pot, regular attention is needed to ensure the tree is correctly watered. Sun, heat and wind exposure can dry bonsai trees to the point of drought in a short period of time. While some species can handle periods of relative dryness, others require near-constant moisture. Watering too frequently, or allowing the soil to remain soggy, promotes fungal infections and root rot. Free draining soil is used to prevent water logging. Deciduous trees are more at risk of dehydration and will wilt as the soil dries out. Evergreen trees, which tend to cope with dry conditions better, do not display signs of the problem until after damage has occurred. Repotting Bonsai are repotted and root-pruned at intervals dictated by the vigor and age of each tree. In the case of deciduous trees, this is done as the tree is leaving its dormant period, generally around springtime. Bonsai are often repotted while in development, and less often as they become more mature. This prevents them from becoming pot-bound and encourages the growth of new feeder roots, allowing the tree to absorb moisture more efficiently. Pre-bonsai material known as potensai, are often placed in growing boxes which are made from scraps of fence board or wood slats. These large boxes allow the roots to grow more freely and increase the vigor of the tree. The second stage, after using a grow box, has been to replant the tree in a training box; this is often smaller and helps to create a smaller dense root mass which can be more easily moved into a final presentation pot. Requirements of Bonsai Trees Tools Set of bonsai tools (left to right): leaf trimmer; rake with spatula; root hook; coir brush; concave cutter; knob cutter; wire cutter; small, medium and large shears. Special tools are available for the maintenance of bonsai. The most common tool is the concave cutter (5th from left in picture), a tool designed to prune flush, without leaving a stub. Other tools include branch bending jacks, wire pliers and shears of different proportions for performing detail and rough shaping. Soil and Fertilization Opinions about soil mixes and fertilization vary widely among practitioners. Some promote the use of organic fertilizers to augment an essentially inorganic soil mix, while others will use chemical fertilizers freely. Most use the general rule of little and often due to the flushing effect when watering, taking care to use the correct fertilizer at any given time in each season, depending on the trees requirements. Bonsai soil is primarily a loose, fast-draining mix of components, often a base mixture of coarse sand or gravel, fired clay pellets or expanded shale combined with an organic component such as peat or bark. Containers Containers come in a variety of shapes and colors, and may be glazed or unglazed. Containers with straight sides and sharp corners are generally better suited to formally presented plants, while oval or round containers might be used for plants with informal shapes. Most evergreen bonsai are placed in unglazed pots, while deciduous trees are planted in glazed pots. The color of the pot should complement the tree, and many formal and informal rules guide the selection of pot finish and color for a particular tree. Pots are also distinguished by their size. The design of the bonsai tree, the thickness of its trunk, and its height can all be considered when determining the size of a suitable pot. Assumptions Interest rates long term 7.50% short term 18.00% Average price per plant (INR) Bonsai for sale 2000 Bonsai for rentals 200 Saplings assorted 45 Depreciation SLM RATES land 0% Building 10% Drip sysytem 20% Shade 20% Equipment 50% Vehicles 15% Cost of Capital Risk free rate 9% Market premium 13% Beta 1 Cost of Equity 22% Cost of Debt 7.50% Proportion of Equity 30 Proportion of Debt 20 WACC 16.20% Working Capital Stock in progress 180 days Finished goods 60 days Projected sales (1st yr) Bonsai for sale 0% Bonsai for rentals 0% Saplings assorted 35% Cost (per yr.)(per yard) Seeds 2500 Fertilizers 15000 Chemicals 25000 Labour Cost (per year)(in lacs) Bonsai Specialist 1.2 Agriculture Specialst 0.5 Helpers (3) 0.5 Accountant 0.1 Chartered Accountant 0.1 Total 2.4 Tax Rate 35% Cost of the Project PARTICULARS COST (INR) (lacs) Land (2 acres) 10 (5 lacs per acre) Building (utility building) 3 Drip system 5 Shade (Green house) 7 Working Capital 10 Equipments and transport facility 5 Cash loss (expected for 2 years) 5 Water reservoir 2 Contigency 3 Total Expenses 50 Lacs Capital Structure Contribution (lacs) Equity 24 Debt (7.5%) 20 Subsidy 6 Total 50 Lacs Revenue Chart Particulars 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 Land (acres) 2 2 3 4 5 5 Sq yds per acre 4048 4048 4048 4048 4048 4048 Land (sq yds) 8096 8096 12144 16192 20240 20240 Less: Common space allocation 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% 30% Land available for saplings 5667.2 5667.2 8500.8 11334.4 14168 14168 No. of saplings per sq yd 3 3 3 3 3 3 Total no. of saplings 17001 17001 25502 34003 42504 42504 Production mix (%) Bonsai for sale 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% 20% Bonsai for rentals 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% Saplings assorted 75% 75% 75% 75% 75% 75% Plants Bonsai for sale 3400 3400 5100 6800 8500 8500 Bonsai for rentals 850 850 1275 1700 2125 2125 Saplings assorted 12750 12750 19126 25502 31878 31878 Plants for sale Bonsai for sale 0% 0% 20% 25% 35% 40% Bonsai for rentals 0% 0% 20% 30% 50% 70% Saplings assorted 35% 45% 50% 60% 65% 70% Plants for sale Bonsai for sale 0 0 1020 1700 2975 3400 Bonsai for rentals 0 0 255 510 1062 1487 Saplings assorted 4462 5737 9563 15301 20720 22314 Average price per plant (INR) Bonsai for sale 2000 2000 2000 2500 2500 2500 Bonsai for rentals 150 150 200 200 250 250 Saplings assorted 45 45 45 45 45 45 Revenue of sale Bonsai for sale 0 0 2040000 4250000 7437500 8500000 Bonsai for rentals 0 0 51000 102000 265500 371750 Saplings assorted 200790 258165 430335 688545 932400 1004130 Total Revenue 200790 258165 2521335 5040545 8635400 9875880 Revenue in lacs 2.01 2.58165 25.21 50.41 86.35 98.76 Expenses Particulars 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 Cost of production (A) Seeds 0.05 0.05 0.08 0.1 0.13 0.13 Fertilizers 0.3 0.3 0.45 0.6 0.75 0.75 Chemicals 0.5 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.25 Electricity cost 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 Total 1.05 1.05 1.58 2.1 2.63 2.63 Administration selling expense (B) Labour Cost 2.4 2.64 2.90 3.19 3.51 3.87 Marketing cost 5 5 5 6 6 6 Depreciation 4.15 4.15 4.15 4.15 4.15 4.15 Total 11.55 11.79 12.05 13.34 13.66 14.02 Financing Expense (C ) Interest 1.50 1.50 1.28 1.05 0.83 0.60 Total 1.50 1.50 1.28 1.05 0.83 0.60 Dividend 0 0 0 8.75 10.5 12.25 Total expense 14.10 14.34 14.90 25.24 27.61 29.49 Cash Flow PARTICULARS 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 Sources Equity 24 5 0 0 0 0 Debt 20 0 0 0 0 0 Subsidy 6 0 0 0 0 0 Total revenue 2.01 2.58 25.21 50.41 86.35 98.76 Total 52.01 7.58 25.21 50.41 86.35 98.76 Application Land 10 0 5 5 5 0 Building 3 0 0 0 0 0 Water reservoir 2 0 0 0 0 0 Drip system 5 0 0 0 0 5 Shade 7 0 0 0 0 7 Equipments and transport facility 5 0 2 0 2 0 Interest 1.5 1.5 1.275 1.05 0.825 0.6 Installment 0 0 3 3 3 3 Seeds 0.05 0.05 0.08 0.1 0.13 0.13 Fertilizers 0.3 0.3 0.45 0.6 0.75 0.75 Chemicals 0.5 0.5 0.75 1 1.25 1.25 Electricity cost 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 Labour Cost 2.40 2.64 2.90 3.19 3.51 3.87 Marketing cost 15 0 0 24 0 0 Dividend 0 0 0 8.75 10.5 12.25 Total 51.95 5.19 15.75 47.09 27.46 34.34 Op. Cash Balance 0 0.06 2.45 11.91 15.22 74.11 Net Cash Flow 0.06 2.39 9.46 3.31 58.89 64.42 Cl. Cash Balance 0.06 2.45 11.91 15.22 74.11 138.53 Profit Loss Account (in lacs) Particulars 2008-09 2009-10 2010-2011 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 Total Revenue 2.01 2.58 25.21 50.41 86.35 98.76 Total Expense (A+B) 12.60 12.84 13.63 15.44 16.29 16.64 PBIT -10.59 -10.26 11.58 34.96 70.07 82.12 less: Interest (C ) 1.50 1.50 1.28 1.05 0.83 0.60 PBT -12.09 -11.76 10.31 33.91 69.24 81.52 less accumulated loss -12.09 -23.85 -13.54 20.37 89.61 171.13 Less: Tax (35%) 0 0 0.00 7.13 31.36 59.90 PAT -12.09 -11.76 10.31 26.78 37.88 21.62 Less: Dividend 0 0 0 8.75 10.5 12.25 B/S Retained earing -12.09 -23.85 -13.54 4.49 31.87 41.24 IRR Retained earnings -12.09 -11.76 10.31 18.03 27.38 9.37 Balance Sheet Liabilities 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 Equity + Subsidy 30 35 35 35 35 35 Debt 20 20 17 14 11 8 Retained profit -12.09 -23.85 -13.54 4.49 31.87 41.24 proposed dividend 0 0 0 8.75 10.5 12.25 Total 37.91 31.15 38.46 62.24 88.37 96.49 Assets 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 Total Assets 15.85 11.7 9.55 5.4 3.25 11.1 Water reservoir 2 2 2 2 2 2 Land 10 10 15 20 25 25 Cash 0.06 2.45 11.91 15.22 74.11 138.53 Marketing Cost 10 5 0 16 8 0 Total 37.91 31.15 38.46 58.62 112.36 176.63 Irr Calculations 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 Outflow 30 5 0 0 0 0 Inflows Dividend 0 0 0 8.75 10.5 12.25 Retained Earnings 0.00 0.00 10.31 18.03 27.38 9.37 Net Flow -30 -5 10.31 26.78 37.88 21.62 IRR 34% Interest Calculations Debt (7.5%) Loan in beginning Int. Due Installment Loan at End of yr. 2008-09 20 1.5000 0 20 2009-10 20 1.5000 0 20 2010-11 20 1.2750 3 17 2011-12 17 1.0500 3 14 2012-13 14 0.8250 3 11 2013-14 11 0.6000 3 8 2014-15 8 0.3750 3 5 Depreciation Calculations Building (lacs) Value At Beginning Depreciation Value At End 2008-09 3 0.3 2.7 2009-10 2.7 0.3 2.4 2010-11 2.4 0.3 2.1 2011-12 2.1 0.3 1.8 2012-13 1.8 0.3 1.5 2013-14 1.5 0.3 1.2 Drip System Value At Beginning Depreciation Value At End 2008-09 5 1 4 2009-10 4 1 3 2010-11 3 1 2 2011-12 2 1 1 2012-13 1 1 0 2013-14 5 1 4 Shade Value At Beginning Depreciation Value At End 2008-09 7 1.4 5.6 2009-10 5.6 1.4 4.2 2010-11 4.2 1.4 2.8 2011-12 2.8 1.4 1.4 2012-13 1.4 1.4 0 2013-14 7 1.4 5.6 Equipment Value At Beginning Depreciation Value At End 2008-09 2 1 1 2009-10 1 1 0 2010-11 2 1 1 2011-12 1 1 0 2012-13 2 1 1 2013-14 1 1 0 Vehicles Value At Beginning Depreciation Value At End 2008-09 3 0.45 2.55 2009-10 2.55 0.45 2.1 2010-11 2.1 0.45 1.65 2011-12 1.65 0.45 1.2 2012-13 1.2 0.45 0.75 2013-14 0.75 0.45 0.3 Total Assets Value At Beginning Depreciation Value At End 2008-09 20 4.15 15.85 2009-10 15.85 4.15 11.7 2010-11 13.7 4.15 9.55 2011-12 9.55 4.15 5.4 2012-13 7.4 4.15 3.25 2013-14 15.25 4.15 11.1 Exit strategy If the project fails If the project fails then whatever investment I have done in the fixed assets of the project would be recovered by selling the land and the utility vehicles and would thus recover my investment in the project. The rate at which the price of land is rising in that area would any how fetch me a higher price than that of the current price. The price which would be available after 3 years would not only recover my investment in the land but would save me of the complete investment. Thus these are my plans if the project fails. I would then venture into some other field keeping into mind whatever mistake I would have made in this project. If the project succeeds If this project turns out to be a success I would then expand my business into other miniature items and would specialize into miniature items. After 3 years into the business I would come to know whether the project has failed or not. Once successful I would have a created a brand name for Vkalp. This brand name would be attached to all bonsai trees which are miniature trees. I would then carry this image of Vkalp into offering miniature items like miniature paintings, miniature sculptures and miniature mementos. This is one more market which has not been tapped efficiently. I would like to capitalize on this market. There is huge scope of business in this area. These are my future plans to exit the current business and expansion into other venture. Bibliography v ISI emerging markets v EBSCO Business source complete v EMRALD management extract v CMIE v Indiastats.com v Google.co.in v Research publications

Negative Effects of High Fructose Corn Syrup and...

The Negative Effects of High Fructose Corn Syrup and the Potential Alternatives that Can Replace It Abstract: High fructose corn syrup (HFCS), like many other unhealthy constituents that are used in foods, is cheap and retains the taste of the natural products it emulates, possibly even surpassing them in many areas. However, experiments have shown that fructose is not an ideal sugar for human consumption, not to mention the fact that the use of GM ingredients can be dangerous. In order to prevent the continued consumption of this noxious sugar, food producers should use healthy alternative sweeteners to prevent the further dependence on HFCS in our foods and drinks. With dental, digestive, and other corporal problems such as†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"High fructose corn syrup is spawned from a complex, multi-step industrial process by which starch is extracted from corn and converted with acids or enzymes into glucose and fructose through the use of centrifuges, hydroclones, ion-exchange columns, and buckets of enzymes† (Center for Science in the Public Interest pa ra. 3). Still, despite the usage of so many enzymes, HFCS still has the same sweetness and taste as sucrose from cane sugar and beet sugar and is cheaper than natural sugars- it is easier to transport and can be carried it in tanker trucks (Forristal para. 9). Thus, many food companies refuse to stop using it because they can make more profit by using this cheap sweetener. A second concern is that HFCS is a genetically modified product, and can be potentially dangerous for this reason. â€Å"The risks†¦include the potential transfer of antibiotic resistance genes into pathogens, the uptake of DNA from GM foods by human cells or micro-organisms in the gastrointestinal tract and more indirectly health-related ecological disturbances caused by the genes or dissemination of the genes† (Ho para. 2). Today, quite a lot of corn is produced through genetic modification, so those who try to avoid GM foods should stay away from high fructose corn syrup since it is not only made fr om corn, but is also processed with enzymes that have also been altered.Show MoreRelatedNegative Effects of Today’s Food on Elementary-Aged Children Essay1500 Words   |  6 Pagestime. However, these foods are unhealthy because of the refining process and additives. â€Å"Refining destroys and devitalizes most of the food’s goodness† (Jordan 1). 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